Silicon Versus Carbon

Even though there is no generally accepted definition of nanotechnologies to be defined as distinct discipline there is an emerging consensus that their advent and development is a growing in importance factor of the contemporary and future technological civilization. One of these most fundamental issues we are confronted with is the compatibility with life itself. From single cell organisms to humans, carbon is a key building block of all molecular structures of life. In contrast the man created electronic industry to build on other elements, of which silicon is the most common. Both carbon and silicon create molecular chains, although different in their internal structure. All life is built from carbon-based chains. As long as the man built technological products do not directly interfere with the physiology of life the associated risks from them are relatively easy to identify. They are primarily in the environmental pollution and the possibility of upsetting the natural balance of biocoenosis, on a planetary scale. The basic life functions are still not directly subverted. We can use TV, computers, drive cars and use other technological utilities without fear of direct interference with our cellular functions. This is in particular because all these technological utilities are many orders of magnitude larger than typical scales of biological activity. Most of biological activity, from fermentative catalysis to DNA replication takes place on nanoscale. The situation is radically different when the technological goals are building nanoscale size products. All biological processes take place on nanoscale.

The addition of supersaturated carbon to silicon or silicon-germanium thin films leads to a new class of semiconducting materials. This new material can alleviate some of the constraints on strained Si1-xGex and may help to open up new fields of device applications for heteroepitaxial Si-based systems. Basic growth problems, as well as the mechanical and electrical properties of Si1-yCy and Si1-x-yGexCy layers grown pseudomorphically onto Si(001), have been reviewed. The incorporation of carbon can be used (i) to enhance SiGe layer properties, (ii) to obtain layers with new properties, or (iii) to control dopant diffusion in microelectronic devices. The phenomenon of suppressed boron diffusion in carbon-rich epitaxial layers can be used to increase the performance of SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). When compared with SiGe technologies, the addition of carbon offers a significantly greater flexibility in process design and a greater latitude in processing margins.

"Atoms First seems to be the flavor of the year in chemistry textbooks, but many of them seem to be little more than rearrangement of the chapters. It takes a master like McQuarrie to go back to the drawing board and create a logical development from smallest to largest that makes sense to students."---Hal Harris, University of Missouri-St. Louis "McQuarrie's book is extremely well written, the order of topics is logical, and it does a great job with both introductory material and more advanced concepts. Students of all skill levels will be able to learn from this book."---Mark Kearley, Florida State University This new fourth edition of General Chemistry takes an atoms-first approach from beginning to end. In the tradition of McQuarrie's many previous works, it promises to be another ground-breaking text. This superb new book combines the clear writing and wonderful problems that have made McQuarrie famous among chemistry professors and students worldwide. Presented in an elegant design with all-new illustrations, it is available in a soft-cover edition to offer professors a fresh choice at an outstanding value. Student supplements include an online series of descriptive chemistry Interchapters, a Student Solutions Manual, and an optional state-of-the-art Online Homework program. For adopting professors, an Instructor's Manual and a CD of the art are also available.

The main group elements represent the most prevalent elements in the Earth's crust, as well as most of the key elements of life, and have enormous industrial, economic, and environmental importance. In this regard an understanding of the chemistry of the main group elements is vital for students within science, engineering, and medicine; however, it is hoped that those who make political and economic decisions would make better ones (or at least more responsible ones) if they had a fraction of the knowledge of the world around them.

Informed by new planetary discoveries and the findings from recent robotic missions to Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, scientists are rapidly replacing centuries of speculation about potential extraterrestrial habitats with real knowledge about the possibility of life outside our own biosphere -- if it exists, and where. This second edition of Kevin W. Plaxco and Michael Gross's widely acclaimed text incorporates the latest research in astrobiology to bring readers the most comprehensive, up-to-date, and engaging introduction to the field available. Plaxco and Gross expand their examination of the origin of chemical elements, the developments that made the Universe habitable, and how life continues to be sustained. They discuss in great detail the formation of the first galaxies and stars, the diverse chemistry of the primordial planet, the origins of metabolism, the evolution of complex organisms, and the feedback regulation of Earth's climate. They also explore life in extreme habitats, potential extraterrestrial habitats, and the current status of the search for extraterrestrial life. Weaving together the relevant threads of astronomy, geology, chemistry, biophysics, and microbiology, this broadly accessible introductory text captures the excitement, controversy, and progress of the dynamic young field of astrobiology. New to this edition is a glossary of terms and an epilogue recapping the key unanswered questions, making Astrobiology an ideal primer for students and, indeed, for anyone curious about life and the Universe. Praise for the first edition of Astrobiology "Certainly the most readable introduction to astrobiology now available." -- Chemical and Engineering News "Plaxco and Gross bring us as close to aliens as we can currently get. I recommend this book to anyone interested in science's newest kid on the block." -- Astronomy Now "A good read for all those who are fascinated by the search for extraterrestrial life and the origin of life on our own planet. I shall certainly value it in my own library." -- Chemistry World "An accessible guide to this young and interdisciplinary field." -- Physics World "The fascinating world of extremophiles is well presented, and a broad overview of the searches for evidence of life beyond Earth rounds off the book. The text is liberally illustrated with relevant figures that greatly enhance the content, and entertaining snippets of information detailing the quirks of research in this field nicely supplement the scientific content." -- Astrobiology "A comprehensive yet concise introduction to the field." -- The Space Review

Pergamon Texts in Organic Chemistry, Volume 9: The Chemistry of Silicon presents information essential in understanding the chemical properties of silicon. The book first covers the fundamental aspects of silicon, such as its nuclear, physical, and chemical properties. The text also details the history of silicon, its occurrence and distribution, and applications. Next, the selection enumerates the compounds and complexes of silicon, along with organosilicon compounds. The text will be of great interest to chemists and chemical engineers. Other researchers working on research study involving silicon will also benefit from the book.

Starquake, the sequel to Dragon’s Egg, takes place on the surface of a neutron star. The gravity is 67 billion Earth gravities. The native “cheela”, the size of sesame seeds, live a million times faster than their human friends in orbit. After a starquake, the humans have only one day to save the remains of cheela civilization from extinction.

Carbon (C) and Silicon Germanium (SiGe) work like a magic sauce. At least in small concentrations, they make everything taste better. It is remarkable enough that SiGe, a new material, and the heterobipolar transistor, a new device, appear on the brink of impacting the exploding wireless market. The addition of C to SiGe, albeit in small concentrations, looks to have breakthrough potential. Here, at last, is proof that materials science can put a rocket booster on the silicon-mind, the silicon transistor. Scientific excitement arises, as always, from the new possibilities a multicomponent materials system offers. Bandgaps can be changed, strains can be tuned, and properties can be tailored. This is catnip to the materials scientist. The wide array of techniques applied here to the SiGeC system bear testimony to the ingenious approaches now available for mastering the complexities of new materials