Space In The 21st Century

-- James A. Michener

FOREWORD By Bruce McCandless II Former NASA Astronaut This volume is the fifth in the series on contemporary space topics by the Aerospace Technology Working Group with support from Secure World Foundation, the International Space University, and the International Institute of Space Commerce. It deals principally with the topic of sustainability of space operations. In all fields of challenging endeavor actually accomplishing an objective (e.g., putting a satellite into orbit) comes first, followed by exploitation or commercialization, and lastly by a realization that the resource is finite. Such "finite-ness" may come from considerations of pollution (e.g., space debris, propulsion effluent) or of actual limitations on the availability of the resource (e.g., crowding of Geostationary Earth Orbit - GEO). Both of these topics are among those discussed in detail in this volume. Developing countries, in particular, may find such considerations too burdensome, and this begs the need for regulation to avoid the classic "Tragedy of the Commons" situation. In the case of orbital debris we have collectively arrived at a point where tens of millions of tiny pieces of debris are currently in orbit, decaying at diverse rates in a situation where a single flake of paint has been demonstrated to be capable of causing damage when impacting at high relative velocities. At the other end of the spectrum, defunct satellites (e.g., ESA's Envisat) present discrete problems worthy of individual retrieval/disposal efforts but fraught with complications arising from ownership to potentially still effective ITAR constraints on access to onboard technology. And, of course, the managers of the International Space Station are absolutely paranoid about higher altitude orbital debris eventually decaying to and ultimately impacting their very large orbiting facility. While space may realistically be dubbed "infinite," very specific orbits, or sets of orbits, have practical capacity limits. In GEO, for example, spacing of satellites along it are subject to constraints arising from use of the same radio frequency spectra and the size of ground based antennas required to spatially discriminate between adjacent satellites. In popular high inclination sun-synchronous Earth imaging orbits, these all converge near the poles, creating a traffic management concern arising from the risk of collision. The subject of "green propellants" is treated from several aspects. The Liquid Oxygen / Liquid Hydrogen system, while yielding only water vapor from combustion, may have a significant carbon footprint associated with the manufacture of the LH2 from methane or methanol. Aluminum oxide, an exhaust product of common solid propellant boosters is generally regarded as inert, but the inhalation of fine particles of it can cause pulmonary fibrosis or other lung damage in humans. Additionally the need for oxidizer depletion shutdown in the family of hydrazine/oxidizer booster stages results in significant quantities of UDMH (for example) being dispersed upon impact of the early stages. No Foreword can do adequate justice to the carefully developed material within the publication itself. For a detailed and thought provoking coverage of the principal topics associated with the sustainability of space operations, this book is highly recommended, authoritative, and "a good read."

Rather than examining only the civil or military side of the US space program, as have many books in the past, Space, the Dormant Frontier takes a unique look at the space program as a whole. Part of the book's treatise is that the two communities must stop ignoring each other if the US space program is to move forward beyond being a science project, jobs program, or political football. How the program got into its current, semi-desperate state is also examined, as history has given space a legacy once glorious, now an albatross. The authors include information and analysis on the military and civil space programs, challenge the perspective of the Washington Beltway analyst with vested interests in the status quo, and make policy recommendations based on realism, rather than idealism.

Presents a collection of essays that cover space sciences and exploration in the twenty-first century, with information on such topics as satellites, spacecraft, space missions and programs, space polity and law, and the economics of space travel.

This graphically rich handbook of near-term space exploration illustrates the art of discovery & the craft of explorationÓ that lie at the heart of humanity's drive into space. The sketches range from the on-orbit operations of the International Space Station to scientific exploration at the farthest reaches of our solar system. Describes & details the contraptions, gizmos, gadgets, & contrivances that will serve as our homes in near space & our senses in the distant reaches of space. Offers previews of a new generation of launch vehicles whose aim is to open space to paying passengers; of spacecraft bound for comets, asteroids, Mars, & beyond; & of the instruments that will carry on our ongoing, ever-intriguing search for life beyond Earth.

This book provides a series of new addresses to the enduring problem of how to categorize the Fantastic. The approach taken is through the lens of spatiality; the Fantastic gives us new worlds, although of course these are refractions of worlds already in being. In place of 'real' spaces (whatever they might be), the Fantastic gives us imaginary spaces, although within those spaces historical and cultural conflicts are played out, albeit in forms that stretch our understanding of everyday location, and our usual interpretations of cause and effect. Many authors are addressed here, from a variety of different geographical and national traditions, thus demonstrating how the Fantastic - as a mode, a genre, a way of thinking, imagining and writing - continually traverses borders and boundaries. We hope to move the ongoing debate about the Fantastic forward in a scholarly as well as an engaging way.

This final entry in the History of Human Space Exploration mini-series by Ben Evans continues with an in-depth look at the latter part of the 20th century and the start of the new millennium. Picking up where Partnership in Space left off, the story commemorating the evolution of manned space exploration unfolds in further detail. More than fifty years after Yuri Gagarin’s pioneering journey into space, Evans extends his overview of how that momentous voyage continued through the decades which followed. The Twenty-first Century in Space, the sixth book in the series, explores how the fledgling partnership between the United States and Russia in the 1990s gradually bore fruit and laid the groundwork for today’s International Space Station. The narrative follows the convergence of the Shuttle and Mir programs, together with standalone missions, including servicing the Hubble Space Telescope, many of whose technical and human lessons enabled the first efforts to build the ISS in orbit. The book also looks to the future of developments in the 21st century.