Space Strategy In The 21st Century

This book offers an overview of space strategy in the 21st century. The purpose of space strategy is to coordinate, integrate, and prioritize space activities across security, commercial, and civil sectors. Without strategy, space activities continue to provide value, but it becomes difficult to identify and execute long-term programs and projects and to optimize the use of space for security, economic, civil, and environmental ends. Strategy is essential for all these ends since dependence on, and use of, space is accelerating globally and space is integrated in the fabric of activities across all sectors and uses. This volume identifies a number of areas of concern pertinent to the development of national space strategy, including: intellectual foundations; political challenges; international cooperation and space governance; space assurance and political, organizational, and management aspects specific to security space strategy. The contributing authors expand their focus beyond that of the United States, and explore and analyse the international developments and implications of national space strategies of Russia, China, Europe, Japan, India, Israel, and Brazil. This book will be of much interest to students of space power and politics, strategic studies, foreign policy and International Relations in general.

This book examines the recent shift in US space policy and the forces that continually draw the US back into a space-technology security dilemma. The dual-use nature of the vast majority of space technology, meaning of value to both civilian and military communities and being unable to differentiate offensive from defensive intent of military hardware, makes space an area particularly ripe for a security dilemma. In contrast to previous administrations, the Obama Administration has pursued a less militaristic space policy, instead employing a strategic restraint approach that stressed multilateral diplomacy to space challenges. The latter required international solutions and the United States, subsequently, even voiced support for an International Code of Conduct for Space. That policy held until the Chinese anti-satellite (ASAT) test in 2013, which demonstrated expanded Chinese capabilities. This volume explores the issues arising from evolving space capabilities across the world and the security challenges this poses. It subsequently discusses the complexity of the space environment and argues that all tools of national power must be used, with some degree of balance, toward addressing space challenges and achieving space goals. This book will be of much interest to students of space policy, defence studies, foreign policy, security studies and IR.

This monograph incorporates a series of essays on the opportunities and challenges for U.S. military space strategy in the 21st century. Each chapter takes a different approach to exploring the possibilities for U.S. space strategy. The issues considered here include the military space requirements for broader competition, the unique value space provides for militaries, the human capital required to build space strategy, the comparative advantages of U.S. allies in space, the role of space strategy for our competitors, and how to think about integrating space into broader defense strategy. We have found many signs of progress in identifying new strategic challenges in space and developing new strategic thought. There has been good progress in linking U.S. military strategy to the broader imperatives of an era of strategic rivalry and competition among major powers. But progress is not success. And the latter appears to be a long way off. Among the expert community we have found substantial dissatisfaction with the rate of progress relative to the rate of change and to the need for ideas well founded in current realities. This small volume is intended to help catalyze and inform thinking about these challenges. It draws on work at CGSR and elsewhere exploring the links between competitive strategies and the U.S. military space enterprise. It also draws on discussions from a workshop we convened in December 2019.

FOREWORD By Bruce McCandless II Former NASA Astronaut This volume is the fifth in the series on contemporary space topics by the Aerospace Technology Working Group with support from Secure World Foundation, the International Space University, and the International Institute of Space Commerce. It deals principally with the topic of sustainability of space operations. In all fields of challenging endeavor actually accomplishing an objective (e.g., putting a satellite into orbit) comes first, followed by exploitation or commercialization, and lastly by a realization that the resource is finite. Such "finite-ness" may come from considerations of pollution (e.g., space debris, propulsion effluent) or of actual limitations on the availability of the resource (e.g., crowding of Geostationary Earth Orbit - GEO). Both of these topics are among those discussed in detail in this volume. Developing countries, in particular, may find such considerations too burdensome, and this begs the need for regulation to avoid the classic "Tragedy of the Commons" situation. In the case of orbital debris we have collectively arrived at a point where tens of millions of tiny pieces of debris are currently in orbit, decaying at diverse rates in a situation where a single flake of paint has been demonstrated to be capable of causing damage when impacting at high relative velocities. At the other end of the spectrum, defunct satellites (e.g., ESA's Envisat) present discrete problems worthy of individual retrieval/disposal efforts but fraught with complications arising from ownership to potentially still effective ITAR constraints on access to onboard technology. And, of course, the managers of the International Space Station are absolutely paranoid about higher altitude orbital debris eventually decaying to and ultimately impacting their very large orbiting facility. While space may realistically be dubbed "infinite," very specific orbits, or sets of orbits, have practical capacity limits. In GEO, for example, spacing of satellites along it are subject to constraints arising from use of the same radio frequency spectra and the size of ground based antennas required to spatially discriminate between adjacent satellites. In popular high inclination sun-synchronous Earth imaging orbits, these all converge near the poles, creating a traffic management concern arising from the risk of collision. The subject of "green propellants" is treated from several aspects. The Liquid Oxygen / Liquid Hydrogen system, while yielding only water vapor from combustion, may have a significant carbon footprint associated with the manufacture of the LH2 from methane or methanol. Aluminum oxide, an exhaust product of common solid propellant boosters is generally regarded as inert, but the inhalation of fine particles of it can cause pulmonary fibrosis or other lung damage in humans. Additionally the need for oxidizer depletion shutdown in the family of hydrazine/oxidizer booster stages results in significant quantities of UDMH (for example) being dispersed upon impact of the early stages. No Foreword can do adequate justice to the carefully developed material within the publication itself. For a detailed and thought provoking coverage of the principal topics associated with the sustainability of space operations, this book is highly recommended, authoritative, and "a good read."

This book, edited by the European Space Policy Institute, is the first international publication, following UNISPACE+50, to analyze how space capacity building can empower the international community towards fully accessing all the economic and societal benefits that space assets and data can offer. New innovation models are increasingly spreading across various sectors and disciplines, including space, which is becoming an integral part of many societal activities (e.g. telecoms, weather, climate change and environmental monitoring, civil protection, infrastructures, transportation and navigation, healthcare and education). The book helps readers construct their own space capacity building roadmaps, which take into account key stakeholders and also new private actors, NGOs and civil society. Starting from a policy and strategy perspective, it addresses key aspects of capacity building, including innovation and exploration, global health, climate change and resilient societies. It outlines the available options and summarizes the ideal programmatic conditions for their successful implementation. Showcasing reflections from a range of senior space professionals around the world, with their unique perspectives and solutions, it provides a rich mosaic in which various cultural and policy approaches to space are translated into actionable programs and ideas so that space may truly benefit all of humankind.

Throughout its history, the U.S. Space Science technologies program has been enormously productive. Its accomplishments have rewritten the textbooks. But now, the economic environment has changed dramatically. The Nation's scientific and technological goals are being reexamined and redefined.And the social contract between the scientific community and the Federal Government is being rewritten. There is an expectation that the American public should receive more direct benefits from its investment in science and technology. This Strategic Plan reflects this new paradigm. It presents a carefully selected set of new scientific initiatives that build on past accomplishments to continue NASA's excellence in Space Science. At the same time, it responds to fiscal constraints by defining a new approach to planning, developing, and operating Space Science missions. In particular, investments in new technologies will permit major scientific advances to be made with smaller, more focused, and less costly missions. With the introduction of advanced technologies, smaller does not have to mean less capable. The focus on new technologies also provides and opportunity for the Space Science program to enhance its direct contribution to the country's economic base. At the same time, the program can build on public interest to strengthen its contributions to education and scientific literacy. With this plan we are taking the first steps toward shaping the Space Science program of the 21st century. In doing so, we face major challenges. It will be a very different program than might have been envisioned even a few years ago. But it will be a program that remains at the forefront of science, technology, and education. We intend to continue rewriting the textbooks. Unspecified Center ...

This book examines the rise of great power competition in space, including the relevant and practical space strategies for China, Russia, the United States, and other countries. The work discusses the concepts and writings of past strategists, such as Thucydides, Sun Tzu, and Clausewitz, in relation to warfare initiated in or extending into space. This analysis underscores why polities initiate war based upon an assessment of fear, honor, and interest, and explains why this will also be true of war in space. Based upon the timeless strategic writings of the past, the book uncovers the strategy of space warfare, along with the concepts of deterrence, dissuasion, and the inherent right of self-defense, and outlines strategies for great, medium, and emerging space powers. Additionally, it highlights changes needed to space strategy based upon the Law of Armed Conflict, norms of behavior, and Rules of Engagement. The work also examines advancements and emerging trends in the commercial space sector, as well as what these changes mean for the implementation of a practical space strategy. Given the rise of great power competition in space, this work presents a space strategy based upon historical experience. This book will be of much interest to students of space policy, strategic studies, and International Relations.