Spiders Of The Orb Weaver Genus Parawixia In America Araneae

Excerpt from Spiders of the Orb-Weaver Genus Parawixia in America (Araneae: Araneidae) Before a genus has been revised, it may only be known by its most common species or by the type species to which the generic name is attached. However, the type spe cies is often the most aberrant member of the genus, and has been placed in its own genus specifically because of unusual char acters that may not occur in more aver age congenerics. Also, in large diverse families, the study of all species is meces sary to determine generic-level characters. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

in collaboration with Bruce Cutler and Stefan Heimer The available information, personal observations, and study of one facet of the beauties of the tropical rain forest of Panama is gathered into a much needed volume which includes the physical, biological, and spider environment of Panama. The complete list of known Panama spiders with literature references and a key to the families and most genera provides the user with an up-to-date guide to this fauna. With over 350 illustrations, numerous charts, graphs, and tables, the coverage of this volume goes far beyond the geographical boundary of the study, making it useful to all students of spiders.

In this lavishly illustrated, first-ever book on how spider webs are built, function, and evolved, William Eberhard provides a comprehensive overview of spider functional morphology and behavior related to web building, and of the surprising physical agility and mental abilities of orb weavers. For instance, one spider spins more than three precisely spaced, morphologically complex spiral attachments per second for up to fifteen minutes at a time. Spiders even adjust the mechanical properties of their famously strong silken lines to different parts of their webs and different environments, and make dramatic modifications in orb designs to adapt to available spaces. This extensive adaptive flexibility, involving decisions influenced by up to sixteen different cues, is unexpected in such small, supposedly simple animals. As Eberhard reveals, the extraordinary diversity of webs includes ingenious solutions to gain access to prey in esoteric habitats, from blazing hot and shifting sand dunes (to capture ants) to the surfaces of tropical lakes (to capture water striders). Some webs are nets that are cast onto prey, while others form baskets into which the spider flicks prey. Some aerial webs are tramways used by spiders searching for chemical cues from their prey below, while others feature landing sites for flying insects and spiders where the spider then stalks its prey. In some webs, long trip lines are delicately sustained just above the ground by tiny rigid silk poles. Stemming from the author’s more than five decades observing spider webs, this book will be the definitive reference for years to come.

Biological diversity, or "biodiversity," refers to the variety of all life on earth, and the complex relationships among living things, and between living things and their environment. Biodiversity includes genetic variety, species diversity, and variability in communities, ecosystems and landscapes. Biodiversity sustains the environments in which we live and on which our lives and those of every other living creature on Earth depend. Thanks to biodiversity, we are able to obtain such necessary goods as food, clothing, medicine, and fuel. Equally important are the ecosystem services that biodiversity provides, such as clean air and drinkable water. Conservation scientists have identified a number of universal threats to biodiversity: habitat loss and degradation, invasive species, pollution, overpopulation, overexploitation and consumption, and global climate change. This book examines critical issues in this field from researchers around the globe.

"A user-friendly guide to identifying and understanding the spiders of the Pacific Coast. There are 67 families of spiders found in North America, and 59 of them can be found in California. This field guide will cover all 59 of those families, including introduced species and common garden spiders--those will be given extra coverage. Each family is reviewed including details of their identification, taxonomy, distribution, and natural history. There will be a full color plate for each of the families."--