Synthetic Syntax Meaning And Philosophical Questions

Kniha je souborem dvanácti původních kapitol, které se zabývají různými syntaktickými, sémantickými a filozofickými otázkami. Autor k těmto problémům přistupuje integrovaně či holisticky a své argumenty dokládá četnými příklady jazyků tak rozmanitých, jako je mimo jiné angličtina, ruština nebo malajština. Každá kapitola je samostatným textem, ale celý soubor je svázán zastřešujícím společným tématem, jednotnou teorií a metodologií. Klíčovým pojmem knihy je syntetická syntax, která představuje zásadní alternativu k většině současných syntaktických přístupů. Rastall prosazuje chápání jazyka jako prostředku, jímž lidé vyjadřují své zkušenosti. V jádru tohoto přístupu je vnitrojazyková a mezijazyková rozmanitost. Aspekty zkušenosti jsou zachyceny (nebo pojmenovány) základními jazykovými jednotkami, znaky (slovy i idiomy a rčeními), a tyto znaky jsou seskupeny tak, aby odrážely skutečné nebo vnímané vztahy mezi těmito aspekty zkušenosti. Procesy pojmenování a seskupování jsou vzájemně propojeny, a proto jsou v tomto přístupu syntax a sémantika integrovány. Rastall však nepředkládá pouze sterilní formální analýzy těchto problémů, ale spíše o nich diskutuje a přemýšlí formou eseje. Tento typ argumentace je ve filozofii běžný, a skutečně, mnohé problémy, jimiž se autor zabývá, mají filozofickou povahu. Stručně řečeno, kniha je cenná nejen pro lingvisty (obecně pro syntaktiky a sémantiky, zvláště pro anglisty), ale také pro filozofy. Navazuje na tradici funkční lingvistiky, obohacuje ji o mnoho nových myšlenek a aplikuje ji na nové i staré problémy. Kniha navazuje na autorovu monografii „Bottom-Up Linguistics“, která již dříve vyšla v nakladatelství Munipress.

This is IV volume of eight in a series on Philosophy of the Mind and Language. For nearly a century mathematicians and logicians have been striving hard to make logic an exact science. But a book on logic must contain, in addition to the formulae, an expository context which, with the assistance of the words of ordinary language, explains the formulae and the relations between them; and this context often leaves much to be desired in the matter of clarity and exactitude. Originally published in 1937, the purpose of the present work is to give a systematic exposition of such a method, namely, of the method of " logical syntax".

This series will include monographs and collections of studies devoted to the investigation and exploration of knowledge, information and data-processing systems of all kinds, no matter whether human, (other) animal or machine. Its scope is intended to span the full range of interests from classical problems in the philosophy of mind and phi losophical psychology through issues in cognitive psychology and socio biology (concerning the mental capabilities of other species) to ideas related to artificial intelligence and computer science. While primary emphasis will be placed upon theoretical, conceptual and epistemologi cal aspects of these problems and domains, empirical, experimental and methodological studies will also appear from time to time. Among the most challenging and difficult projects within the scope of artificial intelligence is the development and implementation of com puter programs suitable for processing natural language. Our purpose in compiling the present volume has been to contribute to the foundations of this enterprise by bringing together classic papers devoted to crucial problems involved in understanding natural language, which range from issues of formal syntax and logical form to those of possible-worlds and situation semantics. The book begins with a comprehensive introduc tion composed by Jack Kulas, the senior editor of this work, which pro vides a systematic orientation to this complex field, and ends with a selected bibliography intended to promote further research. If our efforts assist others in dealing with these problems, they will have been worthwhile. J. H. F.

The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy ???The style is fresh and engaging, and it gives a broad and accurate picture of the western philosophical tradition. It is a pleasure to browse in, even if one is not looking for an answer to a particular question.??? David Pears ???Its entries manage to avoid the obscurities of an exaggerated brevity without stretching themselves out, as if seeking to embody whole miniature essays. In short it presents itself as a model of clarity and clarification.??? Alan Montefiore

This volume's aim is to provide an introduction to Carnap's book from a historical and philosophical perspective, each chapter focusing on one specific issue. The book will be of interest not only to Carnap scholars but to all those interested in the history of analytical philosophy.

Since 1970-ties in the theory of syntax of natural language quite a number of competing, incommensurable theoretic frameworks have emerged. Today the lack of a leading paradigm and kaleidoscope of perspectives deprives our general understanding of syntax and its relation to semantics and pragmatics. The present book is an attempt to reestablish the most fundamental ideas and intuitions of syntactic well-formedness within a new general account. The account is not supposed to compete with any of today’s syntactic frameworks, but to provide a deeper understanding of why these frameworks succeed or fail when they do and to show a new way for cooperation between logicians and linguists which may lead in future to a unified, yet more specific account.