The Essence Of Crystallography

'To summarise, Professor Ladd has written a highly engaging text designed to provide the underlying principles of crystal structure determination through X-ray diffraction data. This text would be most appropriate for an early stage postgraduate or researcher interested in learning both the underlying principles of crystallography and gaining some practice with structure-solving software.'Contemporary PhysicsDesigned for those who wish to understand and engage with the principles behind the process of crystal structure determination by X-ray diffraction, this title contains a comprehensive series of chapters, each of which concludes with a set of problems, for which solutions are provided. An ideal resource for senior undergraduates and early-stage postgraduates, The Essence of Crystallography has an accompanying website with programs written for the text, including an interactive simulation of crystal structure determination using prepared intensity data sets.

Crystals and crystal geometry -- Symmetry operations and point groups -- Lattices -- Space groups -- X-rays and X-ray diffraction -- Solving the structure -- Refinement and molecular geometry -- Computer-assisted studies in X-ray crystallography.

The advances in and applications of x-ray and neutron crystallography form the essence of this new edition of this classic textbook, while maintaining the overall plan of the book that has been well received in the academic community since the first edition in 1977. X-ray crystallography is a universal tool for studying molecular structure, and the complementary nature of neutron diffraction crystallography permits the location of atomic species in crystals which are not easily revealed by X-ray techniques alone, such as hydrogen atoms or other light atoms in the presence of heavier atoms. Thus, a chapter discussing the practice of neutron diffraction techniques, with examples, broadens the scope of the text in a highly desirable way. As with previous editions, the book contains problems to illustrate the work of each chapter, and detailed solutions are provided. Mathematical procedures related to the material of the main body of the book are not discussed in detail, but are quoted where needed with references to standard mathematical texts. To address the computational aspect of crystallography, the suite of computer programs from the fourth edition has been revised and expanded. The programs enable the reader to participate fully in many of the aspects of x-ray crystallography discussed in the book. In particular, the program system XRAY* is interactive, and enables the reader to follow through, at the monitor screen, the computational techniques involved in single-crystal structure determination, albeit in two dimensions, with the data sets provided. Exercises for students can be found in the book, and solutions are available to instructors.

Crystallography may be described as the science of the structure of materi als, using this word in its widest sense, and its ramifications are apparent over a broad front of current scientific endeavor. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that most universities offer some aspects of crystallography in their undergraduate courses in the physical sciences. It is the principal aim of this book to present an introduction to structure determination by X-ray crystal lography that is appropriate mainly to both final-year undergraduate studies in crystallography, chemistry, and chemical physics, and introductory post graduate work in this area of crystallography. We believe that the book will be of interest in other disciplines, such as physics, metallurgy, biochemistry, and geology, where crystallography has an important part to play. In the space of one book, it is not possible either to cover all aspects of crystallography or to treat all the subject matter completely rigorously. In particular, certain mathematical results are assumed in order that their applications may be discussed. At the end of each chapter, a short bibliog raphy is given, which may be used to extend the scope of the treatment given here. In addition, reference is made in the text to specific sources of information. We have chosen not to discuss experimental methods extensively, as we consider that this aspect of crystallography is best learned through practical experience, but an attempt has been made to simulate the interpretive side of experimental crystallography in both examples and exercises.

The book describes phasing techniques in modern crystallography. The main text is dedicated to their simple description, and further mathematical details are contained in the appendices. Practical aspects are described for each specific method, making it a useful tool for the daily work of practising crystallographers.

Extensively revised and updated, this new edition of a classic text presents a unified approach to crystallography and to the defects found within crystals. The book combines the classical and exact description of symmetry of a perfect crystal with the possible geometries of the major defects-dislocations, stacking faults, point defects, twins, interfaces and the effects of martensitic transformations. A number of important concepts and exciting new topics have been introduced in this second edition, including piezoelectricity, liquid crystals, nanocrystalline concepts, incommensurate materials and the structure of foamed and amorphous solids. The coverage of quasicrystalline materials has been extended, and the data tables, appendices and references have been fully updated. Reinforcing its unrivalled position as the core text for teaching crystallography and crystal defects, each chapter includes problem sets with brief numerical solutions at the end of the book. Detailed worked solutions, supplementary lecture material and computer programs for crystallographic calculations are provided online (http://booksupport.wiley.com).

This book invites you on a systematic tour through the fascinating world of crystals and their symmetries. The reader will gain an understanding of the symmetry of external crystal forms (morphology) and become acquainted with all the symmetry elements needed to classify and describe crystal structures. The book explains the context in a very vivid, non-mathematical way and captivates with clear, high-quality illustrations. Online materials accompany the book; including 3D models the reader can explore on screen to aid in the spatial understanding of the structure of crystals. After reading the book, you will not only know what a space group is and how to read the International Tables for Crystallography, but will also be able to interpret crystallographic specifications in specialist publications. If questions remain, you also have the opportunity to ask the author on the book's website.

This textbook explains the physics of phase transformation and associated constraints from a metallurgical or materials science point of view, based on many topics including crystallography, mass transport by diffusion, thermodynamics, heat transfer and related temperature gradients, thermal deformation, and even fracture mechanics. The work presented emphasizes solidification and related analytical models based on heat transfer. This corresponds with the most fundamental physical event of continuous evolution of latent heat of fusion for directional or non-directional liquid-to-solid phase transformation at a specific interface with a certain geometrical shape, such as planar or curved front. Dr. Perez introduces mathematical and engineering approximation schemes for describing the phase transformation, mainly during solidification of pure metals and alloys. Giving clear definitions and explanations of theoretical concepts and full detail of derivation of formulae, this interdisciplinary volume is ideal for graduate and upper-level undergraduate students in applied science, and professionals in the metal making and surface reconstruction industries.