The Iot Physical Layer

This book documents some of the most recent advances on the physical layer of the Internet of Things (IoT), including sensors, circuits, and systems. The application area selected for illustrating these advances is that of autonomous, wearable systems for real-time medical diagnosis. The book is unique in that it adopts a holistic view of such systems and includes not only the sensor and processing subsystems, but also the power, communication, and security subsystems. Particular attention is paid to the integration of these IoT subsystems as well as the prototyping platforms needed for achieving such integration. Other unique features include the discussion of energy-harvesting subsystems to achieve full energy autonomy and the consideration of hardware security as a requirement for the integrity of the IoT physical layer. One unifying thread of the various designs considered in this book is that they have all been fabricated and tested in an advanced, low-power CMOS process, namely GLOBALFOUNDRIES 65nm CMOS LPe.

Written in a clear and concise manner, this book presents readers with an in-depth discussion of the 5G technologies that will help move society beyond its current capabilities. It perfectly illustrates how the technology itself will benefit both individual consumers and industry as the world heads towards a more connected state of being. Every technological application presented is modeled in a schematic diagram and is considered in depth through mathematical analysis and performance assessment. Furthermore, published simulation data and measurements are checked. Each chapter of 5G Physical Layer Technologies contains texts, mathematical analysis, and applications supported by figures, graphs, data tables, appendices, and a list of up to date references, along with an executive summary of the key issues. Topics covered include: the evolution of wireless communications; full duplex communications and full dimension MIMO technologies; network virtualization and wireless energy harvesting; Internet of Things and smart cities; and millimeter wave massive MIMO technology. Additional chapters look at millimeter wave propagation losses caused by atmospheric gases, rain, snow, building materials and vegetation; wireless channel modeling and array mutual coupling; massive array configurations and 3D channel modeling; massive MIMO channel estimation schemes and channel reciprocity; 3D beamforming technologies; and linear precoding strategies for multiuser massive MIMO systems. Other features include: In depth coverage of a hot topic soon to become the backbone of IoT connecting devices, machines, and vehicles Addresses the need for green communications for the 21st century Provides a comprehensive support for the advanced mathematics exploited in the book by including appendices and worked examples Contributions from the EU research programmes, the International telecommunications companies, and the International standards institutions (ITU; 3GPP; ETSI) are covered in depth Includes numerous tables and illustrations to aid the reader Fills the gap in the current literature where technologies are not explained in depth or omitted altogether 5G Physical Layer Technologies is an essential resource for undergraduate and postgraduate courses on wireless communications and technology. It is also an excellent source of information for design engineers, research and development engineers, the private-public research community, university research academics, undergraduate and postgraduate students, technical managers, service providers, and all professionals involved in the communications and technology industry.

Provides a detailed analysis of the standards and technologies enabling applications for the wireless Internet of Things The Wireless Internet of Things: A Guide to the Lower Layers presents a practitioner’s perspective toward the Internet of Things (IoT) focusing on over-the-air interfaces used by applications such as home automation, sensor networks, smart grid, and healthcare. The author—a noted expert in the field—examines IoT as a protocol-stack detailing the physical layer of the wireless links, as both a radio and a modem, and the media access control (MAC) that enables communication in congested bands. Focusing on low-power wireless personal area networks (WPANs) the text outlines the physical and MAC layer standards used by ZigBee, Bluetooth LE, Z-Wave, and Thread. The text deconstructs these standards and provides background including relevant communication theory, modulation schemes, and access methods. The author includes a discussion on Wi-Fi and gateways, and explores their role in IoT. He introduces radio topologies used in software-defined radio implementations for the WPANs. The book also discusses channel modelling and link budget analysis for WPANs in IoT. This important text: Introduces IEEE 802.15.4, ITU-T G.9959, and Bluetooth LE as physical layer technology standards enabling wireless IoT Takes a layered approach in order to cultivate an appreciation for the various standards that enable interoperability Provides clarity on wireless standards with particular focus on actual implementation Written for IoT application and platform developers as well as digital signal processing, network, and wireless communication engineers; The Wireless Internet of Things: A Guide to the Lower Layersoffers an inclusive overview of the complex field of wireless IoT, exploring its beneficial applications that are proliferating in a variety of industries.

This book studies the vulnerability of wireless communications under line-of-sight (LoS) and non-LoS correlated fading environments. The authors theoretically and practically provide physical layer security analyses for several technologies and networks such as Fifth-Generation (5G) networks, Internet of Things (IoT) applications, and Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). The authors have provided these under various practical scenarios, and developed theoretical aspects to validate their proposed applications. Presents physical layer security (PLS) under correlated fading environments, 5G wireless networks, and NOMA networks; Provides end-to-end analyses, combination of channel correlation and outdated CSI and their effects on PL; Includes contributions of PLS research written by global experts in academia and industry.

This book discusses IoT in healthcare and how it enables interoperability, machine-to-machine communication, information exchange, and data movement. It also covers how healthcare service delivery automates patient care with the help of mobility solutions, new technologies, and next-gen healthcare facilities with challenges faced and suggested solutions prescribed. Reinvention of Health Applications with IoT: Challenges and Solutions presents the latest applications of IoT in healthcare along with challenges and solutions. It looks at a comparison of advanced technologies such as Deep Learning, Machine Learning, and AI and explores the ways they can be applied to sensed data to improve prediction and decision-making in smart health services. It focuses on society 5.0 technologies and illustrates how they can improve society and the transformation of IoT in healthcare facilities to support patient independence. Case studies are included for applications such as smart eyewear, smart jackets, and smart beds. The book will also go into detail on wearable technologies and how they can communicate patient information to doctors in medical emergencies. The target audiences for this edited volume is researchers, practitioners, students, as well as key stakeholders involved in and working on healthcare engineering solutions.

This book plays a significant role in improvising human life to a great extent. The new applications of soft computing can be regarded as an emerging field in computer science, automatic control engineering, medicine, biology application, natural environmental engineering, and pattern recognition. Now, the exemplar model for soft computing is human brain. The use of various techniques of soft computing is nowadays successfully implemented in many domestic, commercial, and industrial applications due to the low-cost and very high-performance digital processors and also the decline price of the memory chips. This is the main reason behind the wider expansion of soft computing techniques and its application areas. These computing methods also play a significant role in the design and optimization in diverse engineering disciplines. With the influence and the development of the Internet of things (IoT) concept, the need for using soft computing techniques has become more significant than ever. In general, soft computing methods are closely similar to biological processes than traditional techniques, which are mostly based on formal logical systems, such as sentential logic and predicate logic, or rely heavily on computer-aided numerical analysis. Soft computing techniques are anticipated to complement each other. The aim of these techniques is to accept imprecision, uncertainties, and approximations to get a rapid solution. However, recent advancements in representation soft computing algorithms (fuzzy logic,evolutionary computation, machine learning, and probabilistic reasoning) generate a more intelligent and robust system providing a human interpretable, low-cost, approximate solution. Soft computing-based algorithms have demonstrated great performance to a variety of areas including multimedia retrieval, fault tolerance, system modelling, network architecture, Web semantics, big data analytics, time series, biomedical and health informatics, etc. Soft computing approaches such as genetic programming (GP), support vector machine–firefly algorithm (SVM-FFA), artificial neural network (ANN), and support vector machine–wavelet (SVM–Wavelet) have emerged as powerful computational models. These have also shown significant success in dealing with massive data analysis for large number of applications. All the researchers and practitioners will be highly benefited those who are working in field of computer engineering, medicine, biology application, signal processing, and mechanical engineering. This book is a good collection of state-of-the-art approaches for soft computing-based applications to various engineering fields. It is very beneficial for the new researchers and practitioners working in the field to quickly know the best performing methods. They would be able to compare different approaches and can carry forward their research in the most important area of research which has direct impact on betterment of the human life and health. This book is very useful because there is no book in the market which provides a good collection of state-of-the-art methods of soft computing-based models for multimedia retrieval, fault tolerance, system modelling, network architecture, Web semantics, big data analytics, time series, and biomedical and health informatics.

The LNCS journal Transactions on Computational Science reflects recent developments in the field of Computational Science, conceiving the field not as a mere ancillary science but rather as an innovative approach supporting many other scientific disciplines. The journal focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of computational science in parallel and distributed environments, encompassing the facilitating theoretical foundations and the applications of large-scale computations and massive data processing. It addresses researchers and practitioners in areas ranging from aerospace to biochemistry, from electronics to geosciences, from mathematics to software architecture, presenting verifiable computational methods, findings, and solutions, and enabling industrial users to apply techniques of leading-edge, large-scale, high performance computational methods. This, the 33rd issue of the Transactions on Computational Science, focusses on computational geometry and computability, with applications in IoT (Internet of Things), Bioinformatics, and WBAN (Wireless Body Area Networks). Three of the seven papers constitute extended versions of papers presented at the 18th International Workshop on Computational Geometry and Security Applications, CGSA 2017, held in Trieste, Italy, in June 2017.

This textbook explores the different protocols and technologies that are key to supporting the most important Internet of Things (IoT) networking scenarios. Intended for upper undergraduate classes, the author presents these protocols and technologies from a perspective of the standard layered architecture with special focus on protocol interaction and functionality. To this end, the book provides a unique step-by-step hands-on approach that enables the reader to use common software tools and network emulators to understand, prototype, and deploy a vast range of use cases. The author shows how these topologies, which rely on standard physical layer technologies like LoRa, NB-IoT, LTE-M, IEEE 802.15.4 and BLE, provide end-to-end IPv6 connectivity and comply with the most important requirements of industrial IoT solutions. The book helps readers learn how to build IoT networks through exercises, lab projects, and examples.