The Many Faces Of The Divine

A historical evaluation of how science has changed humanity's perception of God from the age of Newton to the era of quantum mechanics traces how religious conceptions have evolved from medieval definitions that depicted Him as a being interpreted through divine messengers to the modern world's picture of an autocratic and omnipotent overseer of universal wonders.

There are a multitude of female figures represented in the art of the ancient Near East and it has often been proved difficult to differentiate them. This study presents a collection of visual source material on godesses from Egypt, Ugarit, Syria and Palestine from c,1500 to 1000 BC. An introduction to the subject and previous research precedes a discussion of iconographic types (armed, seated, standing, equestrian and named women holding objects) and media (including reliefs, seals and amulets, bronze figurines, ivories and ostraca). Cornelius devises a typology of attributes for the goddess Anat, Astarte, Qedeshet and Asherah in order to define their individual qualities and provide a means by which these goddesses can be differentiated. Includes a large descriptive catalogue.

Contrary to popular opinion, the story of Adam and Eve is not confined to the book of Genesis. It has roots in prebiblical myth and continued to evolve long after the Bible was completed. Bernard F. Batto traces the development of the Adam and Eve story from its origins in Mesopotamian myth to its reformulation in Genesis and beyond—including its expansion in Jewish epigraphs such as 1 Enoch and the Life of Adam and Eve, and its place in Christian innovations such as the apostle Paul’s thesis that Christ is a second Adam, and in the thinking of church fathers such as Irenaeus, who held that Christ recapitulates all humankind in himself, and Augustine, whose doctrine of original sin interprets the Adam and Eve story. Batto also examines gnostic teachings about a heavenly Adam and an earthly Adam, and surveys rabbinical attempts from the Talmudic period to find hidden meanings in the Genesis story. Islam’s emphasis on Satan’s role in seducing Adam and Eve is also discussed, and the book concludes with Milton’s unforgettable retelling of the Adam and Eve story in Paradise Lost. Batto’s goal is not only to reveal the many faces given Adam and Eve throughout history, but also to understand the divergent cultural and theological factors powering this long, evolving tradition.

The standard account of early Christianity tells us that the first centuries after Jesus' death witnessed an efflorescence of Christian sects, each with its own gospel. We are taught that these alternative scriptures, which represented intoxicating, daring, and often bizarre ideas, were suppressed in the fourth and fifth centuries, when the Church canonized the gospels we know today: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. The rest were lost, destroyed, or hidden. In The Many Faces of Christ, the renowned religious historian Philip Jenkins thoroughly refutes our most basic assumptions about the Lost Gospels. He reveals that dozens of alternative gospels not only survived the canonization process but in many cases remained influential texts within the official Church. Whole new gospels continued to be written and accepted. For a thousand years, these strange stories about the life and death of Jesus were freely admitted onto church premises, approved for liturgical reading, read by ordinary laypeople for instruction and pleasure, and cited as authoritative by scholars and theologians. The Lost Gospels spread far and wide, crossing geographic and religious borders. The ancient Gospel of Nicodemus penetrated into Southern and Central Asia, while both Muslims and Jews wrote and propagated gospels of their own. In Europe, meanwhile, it was not until the Reformation and Counter-Reformation that the Lost Gospels were effectively driven from churches. But still, many survived, and some continue to shape Christian practice and belief in our own day. Offering a revelatory new perspective on the formation of the biblical canon, the nature of the early Church, and the evolution of Christianity, The Many Faces of Christ restores these Lost Gospels to their central place in Christian history.

the Handbooks of the Bible and Its Reception (HBR) provide comprehensive introductions to individual topics in biblical reception history. They address a wide range of academic fields and interdisciplinary matters, including reception of the Bible in various contexts and historical periods; in diverse geographic areas; in particular cultural, social, and political contexts; and in relation to important biblical themes, topics, and figures.

Since the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century, theologians and philosophers have brought about profound changes in the discourse about God. The orthodox image of God, developed in the previous seventeen centuries in Roman Catholicism, as well as within Protestantism, has come under great pressure, but it would be wrong to think that this image is no longer relevant and that only a few conservative Christians hold on to it.

Subud is a direct and spontaneous spiritual experience that allows people to receive a contact with the Great Life Force. It re-awakens their inner feeling and puts them in touch with their own guidance, eventually bringing to the surface their true nature which was before obstructed and cluttered with erroneous beliefs, ancestral patterns of behavior, culture, education and their family malfunctions. Many have found a deeper understanding of their own religious beliefs from the evidence they receive for themselves. Others have come to actualize their true talent and work. There are Subud groups in eighty countries, bringing together harmoniously people of many different religious and ethnic backgrounds. The spiritual practice, or latihan, arises from within. It is a natural process that occurs without effort or study. This book is the result of the collaborative effort of three women who have practiced the latihan of Subud for decades. It compiles testimonies of Subud members from all over the world, on different topics. Each chapter begins with a short account of observations, experiences, receivings and dreams on the subject. People interviewed were of different age groups, social and ethnic backgrounds, some newly "opened" in Subud, some older members, some second and third generation Subud. The opening latihan - when one first receives this contact - is a ceremony of introduction into the spiritual exercise after a three-month period of inquiry referred to as the probation or investigation period. Through the latihan people renew their contact with the power of God and become aware of the latent powers that reside in all of humankind. The central feature of Subud is the latihankejiwaan, or inner training, which takes place for half an hour up to an hour, two or three times a week, and is practiced by men and women separately. Subud has little doctrinal teaching except for the belief in divine power and higher centers of consciousness. The implication is that people practicing the latihan align themselves with those higher centers. It is available to any person seventeen and older who has a sincere wish to worship God and wants to receive this contact. The action of the latihan within each person allows the power of God to express itself spontaneously through singing, chanting, shouting, moving, dancing, crying, laughing, etc. Subud's founder, Bapak Muhammad Subuh, explains that in this way, when in the latihan we make a complete surrender to the Power of God (or the Great Life Force), we can receive the education of our inner selves, free from interference by our minds and hearts and according to our own individual needs. Participants have often reported strong feelings of rapture and release, psychological and physical healing. During latihan, one lets go of thoughts and emotions in order to follow what surfaces: those movements and sounds that spontaneously arise from deep within. It is a form of cleansing which allows the worship of God to become stronger and less obstructed, a training that lets individuals get in touch, develop and trust their inner guidance, enabling the complete self to emerge through an action that comes from beyond the thinking and the will.