The Revival Of Hebrew In Israel

Essay from the year 2018 in the subject Speech Science / Linguistics, grade: A, , language: English, abstract: The revival of Hebrew is considered to be the most astonishing revival of a language, which however was not entirely dead, but it was used exclusively for religious matters for a period of 2000 years. It is considered to be a remarkable achievement, one tightly linked to the Hebrew pride. The high nationalism of Hebrew parents led them to using Hebrew as the language to bring up their children. Children were spoken to and taught in Hebrew and this way native speakers of the language were created. After the foundation of the Israel state and the continuous efforts concerning the revival of the language, Hebrew has gone from being an inactive language used only in the religious domain to a living language used by over nine million users. When talking about the study of a language’s revival, we refer to the study of all factors relevant or any obstacles to that revival. Studying various language revival attempts can provide insight on revival techniques, on what actually works and which motives are strongest when attempting to revive a language. Also through comparison between those attempts a lot of useful information about what works can come up.

Ben-Yehuda's vision of a modern Hebrew eventually came to animate a large part of the Jewish world, and gave new confidence and pride to Jewish youth during the most difficult period of modern history, infusing Zionism with a dynamic cultural content. This book examines the many changes that occurred in the transition to Modern Hebrew, acquainting new students of the language with its role as a model for other national revivals, and explaining how it overcame many obstacles to become a spoken vernacular. The author deals primarily with the social and political use of the language and does not cover literature. Also discussed are the dilemmas facing the language arising from the fact that Israelis and Jews in the Diaspora "don't speak the same language," while Israeli Arabs and Jews often do.

"Dr. Reuven Sivan, educator and linguist, was born in Jerusalem. He is a graduate of the Hebrew University. His doctorate was on 'Patterns and Trends of Linguistic Innovations in Modern Hebrew'. He is currently a lecturer in the David Yellin College of Education in Jerusalem and an executive member of the Israel Association for Applied Linguistics (IAAL). Dr. Sivan has written a number of works on the development of the Hebrew language, especially in the modern period, including nine booklets published by the Academy of the Hebrew Language (see list on the inside page). He is continuing his research on the growth and progress of Modern Hebrew. This essay is based mainly on Dr. Sivan's own researches." -- From the back cover.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE brings to students, researchers and practitioners in all of the social and language-related sciences carefully selected book-length publications dealing with sociolinguistic theory, methods, findings and applications. It approaches the study of language in society in its broadest sense, as a truly international and interdisciplinary field in which various approaches, theoretical and empirical, supplement and complement each other. The series invites the attention of linguists, language teachers of all interests, sociologists, political scientists, anthropologists, historians etc. to the development of the sociology of language.

"This seminal book introduces revivalistics, a new trans-disciplinary field of enquiry surrounding language reclamation, revitalization and reinvigoration. The book is divided into two main parts that represent Zuckermann's fascinating and multifaceted journey into language revival, from the 'Promised Land' (Israel) to the 'Lucky Country' (Australia) and beyond. Part 1: language revival and cross-fertilization. The aim of this part is to suggest that due to the ubiquitous multiple causation, the reclamation of a no-longer spoken language is unlikely without cross-fertilization from the revivalists' mother tongue(s). Thus, one should expect revival efforts to result in a language with a hybridic genetic and typological character. The book highlights salient morphological, phonological, phonetic, syntactic, semantic and lexical features, illustrating the difficulty in determining a single source for the grammar of 'Israeli', the language resulting from the Hebrew revival. The European impact in these features is apparent inter alia in structure, semantics or productivity. Multiple causation is manifested in the Congruence Principle, according to which the more contributing languages a feature exists in, the more likely it is to persist in the emerging language. Consequently, the reality of linguistic genesis is far more complex than a simple family tree system allows. 'Revived' languages are unlikely to have a single parent. Part 2: language revival and wellbeing. The book then applies practical lessons (rather than clichés) from the critical analysis of the Hebrew reclamation to other revival movements globally, and goes on to describe the why and how of language revival. The how includes practical, nitty-gritty methods for reclaiming 'sleeping beauties' such as the Barngarla Aboriginal language of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, e.g. using what Zuckermann calls talknology (talk technology). The why includes ethical, aesthetic, and utilitarian reasons such as improving wellbeing and mental health"--

This book observes and critiques controversies on the genesis and the character of Israeli Hebrew. Did it emerge through revival? Did Ben-Yehuda play a role in it? Is Hebrew a normal language now? The hegemonic ideology of the revival of Hebrew is shown to have been harmonious with various Zionist streams, as well as with its rival, Canaanism. The effects of revivalism are evaluated, and an argument is made in favor of non-revivalist alternatives in linguistics and in language education.

At the beginning of the eighteenth century most European Jews lived in restricted settlements and urban ghettos, isolated from the surrounding dominant Christian cultures not only by law but also by language, custom, and dress. By the end of the century urban, upwardly mobile Jews had shaved their beards and abandoned Yiddish in favor of the languages of the countries in which they lived. They began to participate in secular culture and they embraced rationalism and non-Jewish education as supplements to traditional Talmudic studies. The full participation of Jews in modern Europe and America would be unthinkable without the intellectual and social revolution that was the Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment. Unparalleled in scale and comprehensiveness, The Jewish Enlightenment reconstructs the intellectual and social revolution of the Haskalah as it gradually gathered momentum throughout the eighteenth century. Relying on a huge range of previously unexplored sources, Shmuel Feiner fully views the Haskalah as the Jewish version of the European Enlightenment and, as such, a movement that cannot be isolated from broader eighteenth-century European traditions. Critically, he views the Haskalah as a truly European phenomenon and not one simply centered in Germany. He also shows how the republic of letters in European Jewry provided an avenue of secularization for Jewish society and culture, sowing the seeds of Jewish liberalism and modern ideology and sparking the Orthodox counterreaction that culminated in a clash of cultures within the Jewish community. The Haskalah's confrontations with its opponents within Jewry constitute one of the most fascinating chapters in the history of the dramatic and traumatic encounter between the Jews and modernity. The Haskalah is one of the central topics in modern Jewish historiography. With its scope, erudition, and new analysis, The Jewish Enlightenment now provides the most comprehensive treatment of this major cultural movement.

A study of the resurrection of the Hebrew language from extinction focuses on the role of Eliezer ben Yehuda in the nineteenth-century revival of Hebrew, as well as the part language plays in Jewish survival, the origins of Israel, Zionism, the Diaspora, and the idea of a promised land. 20,000 first printing.