Token Economy

Applications of operant techniques in treatment and education have proliferated in recent years. Among the various techniques, the token economy has been particu larly popular. The token economy has been extended to many populations included in psychiatry, clinical psychology, education, and the mental health fields in general. Of course, merely because a technique is applied widely does not neces sarily argue for its efficacy. Yet, the token economy has been extensively re searched. The main purpose of this book is to review, elaborate, and evaluate critically research bearing on the token economy. The book examines several features of the token economy including the variables that contribute to its efficacy, the accomplishments, limitations, and potential weaknesses, and recent advances. Because the token economy literature is vast, the book encompasses programs in diverse treatment, rehabilitation, and educational settings across a wide range of populations and behaviors. Within the last few years, a small number of books on token economies have appeared. Each of these books describes a particular token economy in one treatment ,etting, details practical problems encountered, and provides suggestions for ad ministering the program. This focus is important but neglects the extensive scholarly research on token economies. The present book reviews research across diverse settings and clients. Actually, this focus is quite relevant for implementing token economies because the research reveals those aspects and treatment variations that contribute to or enhance client performance.

This is the second edition of the book Token Economy originally published in June 2019. The basic structure of this second edition is the same as the first edition, with slightly updated content of existing chapters and four additional chapters: "User-Centric Identities," "Privacy Tokens," "Lending Tokens," and How to Design a Token System and more focus on the Web3. //Part one outlines the fundamental building blocks of the Web3, including the role of cryptography and user-centric digital identities. Part two explains Web3 applications like smart contracts, DAOs & tokens. The last two parts of the book focus on tokens as the atomic unit of the Web3, explaining the properties and functions of money and outlining the emerging field of decentralized finance (DeFi) that might power a potential future digital barter economy. Use cases such as asset tokens, purpose driven tokens, BAT (Basic Attention Token), social media tokens (Steemit, Hive and Reddit), privacy tokens, and stable tokens are explored, including the role of CBDCs (Central Bank Digital Currencies) and Facebook's Libra.//Tokens - often referred to as cryptocurrencies - can represent anything from an asset to an access right, such as gold, diamonds, a fraction of a Picasso painting or an entry ticket to a concert. Tokens could also be used to reward social media contributions, incentivize the reduction of CO2 emissions, or even ones attention for watching an ad. While it has become easy to create a token, which is collectively managed by a public Web3 infrastructure like a blockchain network, the understanding of how to apply these tokens is still vague. This book attempts to summarize existing knowledge about blockchain networks and other distributed ledgers as the backbone of the Web3, and contextualize the socio-economic implications of the Web3 applications such as smart contracts, tokens, and DAOs to the concepts of money, economics, governance and decentralized finance (DeFi).//The industry keeps referring to “Blockchain” as different from “Bitcoin,” creating an artificial divide that is often misleading. There seems to be too little understanding about the fact that Bitcoin is a blockchain network, which is (a) globally managed by people who mostly do not know each other, and (b) enabled by the consensus protocol that (c) incentivizes all network actors for their contributions with a native token. The governance rules are tied to the minting of a native blockchain token. The Bitcoin token can, therefore, be seen as the currency of a distributed Internet tribe, called the Bitcoin network, where network actors are rewarded with Bitcoins, just as the Ether is the currency of the distributed Internet tribe Ethereum network, or Sia is the native currency of the Sia network. The Bitcoin network and other distributed ledgers all represent a collectively maintained public infrastructure and are the backbone of the next generation Internet, what the crypto community refers to as the Web3.

Blockchains & smart contracts have made it easy for anyone to create a token with just a few lines of code. The book gives an intro to tokens and the underlying technology, the socio-economic implications, and selected use cases. It is written for a general audience, features many graphics, and could be a useful textbook for university students.

This third edition of Token Economy is published as a series of three books: “Money, NFTs & DeFi,” “DAOs & Purpose-Driven Tokens,” and “Web3 Infrastructure.” The purpose of this book – DAOs & Purpose-Driven Tokens – is to explain the institutional impact of blockchain networks and tokenization – both from a theoretical and a practical perspective – with the goal of providing a common understanding of the concept and practice of Web3-based institutions. The history of money and finance, and the impact of Web3 and tokenization on money, real-world assets and financial markets are discussed in the book “Money, NFTs & DeFi.” The technical and political aspects of blockchain networks and core Web3 infrastructure will be discussed in the book “Web3 Infrastructure.” The book critically reflects the concept of DAOs, starting with its first real-world example – the Bitcoin network – and how the groundbreaking cryptoeconomic mechanism behind Proof-of-Work paved the way for a novel type of organization that is steered by purpose-driven tokens and relies on “trust by math” rather than “trust by legal contract.” The first two chapters of this book will explain the concept of Web3-based decentralized organizations – its origins and impact from various perspectives: history, cybernetics, organizational science, political science, economics and complex systems. Since there is no one-size-fits-all solution for the design of DAOs, theory alone will not do justice to the complex nature of this topic. Any meaningful organizational design, including that of the purpose-driven tokens which steer Web3-based institutions, will always depend on the purpose and political principles of said organization/network/Internet community/cooperative. To provide a more tangible approach to the best practices and pitfalls of DAOs, a range of DAO use cases will be analyzed based on a DAO design thinking framework, which was developed specifically for this book. Best practices for designing DAOs and the purpose-driven tokens that steer them are still underdeveloped. Many early use cases lack a sustainable token design to achieve their self-declared purpose, which is why a wide range of purposes were selected to display different purposes a DAO can achieve or aim to achieve, even though some of the use cases selected have considerable design flaws. While all use cases have compelling value propositions, and in some cases even considerable traction, they sometimes display unintended design flaws that contradict the purpose and political principles upon which they were designed. The use cases selected are: P2P money & payment network (Bitcoin), P2P stable token (DAI & MarkerDAO), P2P social networks such as Steemit.com or friends.tech, P2P Telco Network (Helium), P2P Data Exchange (Ocean Protocol), and biodiversity tokens (Rebalance Earth). Except for Rebalance Earth, all use cases have a long track record of protocol evolution. They provide historical data to correlate token design choices to their effects, i.e. power structures that emerged over time, and the long-term success of the protocol/network/organization in question. The analysis of the use cases in the second part of the book is mostly qualitative. Additional quantitative analysis could be carried out as well, but that is not the purpose of this book. Quantitative analysis only makes sense once one understands what needs to be analyzed, and in which context the data should be interpreted. A metric such as a “market cap” or “gross network value” of a token is not significant on its own, if one does not first consider the purpose of the token design, the industry in which the DAO operates, the stakeholder structure, and many other qualitative aspects relevant to different types of DAOs.

What is Token Economy The system of contingency management known as a token economy is built on the systematic reinforcement of behavior that is intended to be accomplished. The reinforcers are tokens or symbols that can be traded in for other reinforcers so that others can be obtained. The ideas of operant conditioning and behavioral economics serve as the foundation for a token economy, which can be positioned within the framework of applied behavior analysis. Token economies are utilized with both children and adults in practical settings; however, in laboratory settings, they have been successfully replicated with pigeons. How you will benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Token economy Chapter 2: Operant conditioning Chapter 3: Reinforcement Chapter 4: Behaviorism Chapter 5: Motivational salience Chapter 6: Applied behavior analysis Chapter 7: Behaviour therapy Chapter 8: Shaping (psychology) Chapter 9: Contingency management Chapter 10: Reward system Chapter 11: Punishment (psychology) Chapter 12: Residential treatment center Chapter 13: Behavioral momentum Chapter 14: Professional practice of behavior analysis Chapter 15: Parent management training Chapter 16: Behavior management Chapter 17: Behavior analysis of child development Chapter 18: Aubrey Daniels Chapter 19: Licensed behavior analyst Chapter 20: Nathan Azrin Chapter 21: Community reinforcement approach and family training (II) Answering the public top questions about token economy. (III) Real world examples for the usage of token economy in many fields. Who this book is for Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of token economy.

In this book, leading practitioners and academics provide comprehensive coverage and novel insights into blockchains and the token economy. Real world case studies from a wide range of industries provide practical examples of blockchain-based tokens for real estate, logistics, insurance, recruitment, collectibles, reservations, metaverses, and more. The cases show how tokens provide an innovative way to create and transfer value without relying on traditional intermediaries. Readers will better understand the business and social benefits of tokenization, but also its challenges. Chapter 3 and Chapter 8 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

"This book details the new economies created by a generation of bankless pioneers. It's the best introduction you could ask for." - Mariano Conti, Head of Smart Contracts at Maker Foundation "If I didn't know anything about DeFi and needed to learn from scratch, this book is where I'd start." - Felix Feng, CEO of TokenSets “This book makes it easy for beginners to get started with DeFi.” - Hugh Karp, CEO of Nexus Mutual How to DeFi: Beginner, Second Edition, is the 2021 updated version of How to DeFi (March 2020). DeFi is an ecosystem of decentralized applications that provide financial services built on top of distributed networks with no governing authority. By April 2021, DeFi applications have locked up over $86 billion worth of cryptocurrencies in smart contracts. DeFi is expected to grow further in the coming years and is a key component in fulfilling Ethereum’s lofty vision and ambition. You will learn about the various elements of DeFi such as decentralized stablecoins, decentralized exchanges, decentralized lending, decentralized derivatives, decentralized insurance and more. DeFi has been immensely popular throughout 2019 to 2021 and is showing no signs of slowing down. Use this book to stay ahead of the curve and learn how you can utilize various DeFi applications to better understand the changes that will disrupt the traditional financial sector. In this book, you will discover: - What is DeFi and their differences with traditional finance - What is Ethereum and its role in DeFi - Step-by-step guides in using the various DeFi applications - Real-life use cases of DeFi and how you too can earn from opportunities within the space With simple, yet concise explanations and guides, it has never been easier for you to understand and get started with the various DeFi applications.