Tokenization Of Private Equity Funds In Germany Direct And Indirect Participation And Feasibility

Master's Thesis from the year 2023 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, grade: 1,0, International School Of Management, Campus Frankfurt, language: English, abstract: The aim of the master thesis is to examine whether private equity is suitable for tokenization. After analyzing different characteristics of private equity, such as the illiquidity or mechanisms like capital calls, the master thesis concluded that the asset class is suitable. Private equity shares in the form of security tokens can help to reduce illiquidity and cashflows like the capital calls can be automated by the use of smart contracts. For the tokenization, the master thesis recommends to use existing standards, such as the Ethereum blockchain or the ERC-1400 token. Furthermore, different structures for issuing private equity tokens were elaborated. These include a structure for an indirect participation via a special purpose vehicle which issues tokens and simultaneously invests into a fund, but also a direct participation where the fund itself can issue tokens. During the description of possible structures, all relevant laws were included. These include the German Electronic Securities Act (eWpG), German Banking Act (KWG), Security Prospectus Act (WpPG), Capital Investment Act (VermAnlG), Securities Trading Act (WpHG) and the German Investment Code (KAGB). All structures were evaluated from the perspective of private equity funds, institutional investors, private investors or other relevant intermediaries. Also, benefits and challenges for the different structures and participants were discussed. The benefits include an increase in efficiency of several processes, potential cost savings, the possibility for funds to reach more investors or the possibility for investors to diversify their portfolio more. Still, these benefits could only be made use of, if major challenges are mastered by the market participants. These include an insufficient legal framework, different hurdles when implementing a secondary market, or the problem that theoretical approaches might work differently in reality.

Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Speech Science / Linguistics, University of Münster (Englisches Seminar), course: Computational Text Analysis, language: English, abstract: In this paper I will show how it is possible to compute the type/token ratio of a text by using the programming language Perl. First of all an overview about the topic will be given, including the definition of both the terms type and token and how they are used in the context of this program. Then I will explain how the program works and give further rationale for its shortcomings. Although the program is rather simple, some knowledge of the programming language Perl will be needed for the respective parts in this paper. Then I will proceed to do a short analysis of different texts and their respective type/token ratios. These texts were taken from the British National Corpus and Project Gutenberg. The results will show the need for a different measure of lexical density. One example of such a measure is the mean type/token ratio which I will go into shortly. In the Conclusion there will be a short critique of the expressiveness of type/token ratios as well as a short overview about current research on this topic.

This report provides a comprehensive summary and analysis on how impact tokenization and innovative financial models can promote responsible agri-food supply chains. Recent advances in the development of impact tokenization techniques, distributed ledger technology, and innovative financial models have created new opportunities to improve transparency, verification, and incentive alignment across multiple stakeholders in agri-food supply chains. This report outlines those opportunities and describes how practitioners and policymakers can implement enhanced methods for efficiently defining and verifying impact in agri-food supply chains. The report concludes with an analysis of the most promising financial models for promoting responsible agri-food supply chains.

This open access Pivot demonstrates how a variety of technologies act as innovation catalysts within the banking and financial services sector. Traditional banks and financial services are under increasing competition from global IT companies such as Google, Apple, Amazon and PayPal whilst facing pressure from investors to reduce costs, increase agility and improve customer retention. Technologies such as blockchain, cloud computing, mobile technologies, big data analytics and social media therefore have perhaps more potential in this industry and area of business than any other. This book defines a fintech ecosystem for the 21st century, providing a state-of-the art review of current literature, suggesting avenues for new research and offering perspectives from business, technology and industry.

This book, written jointly by an engineer and artificial intelligence expert along with a lawyer and banker, is a glimpse on what the future of the financial services will look like and the impact it will have on society. The first half of the book provides a detailed yet easy to understand educational and technical overview of FinTech, artificial intelligence and cryptocurrencies including the existing industry pain points and the new technological enablers. The second half provides a practical, concise and engaging overview of their latest trends and their impact on the future of the financial services industry including numerous use cases and practical examples. The book is a must read for any professional currently working in finance, any student studying the topic or anyone curious on how the future of finance will look like.

PST2017 covers a wide range of Privacy, Security, and Trust (PST) topics The topics are inter disciplinary across privacy, security and trust Technologies of interest include Access Control Adversarial Machine Learning Anonymity, Accountability and Audit Attacks on Security and Privacy Authentication Biometrics Blockchain and Related Technologies Computer and Network Forensics Cryptographic Protocols Distributed Trust and Consensus Formal Methods for Security and Privacy Identity Management Intrusion Detection Key Management Metrics for Security and Privacy Privacy Preserving Enhancing Technologies Program Analysis for Security and Privacy Quantum resistant Cryptography Reputation Systems Threat modeling and risk analysis The PST conference is unique in its broad approach including examining the issues from both the research and practice perspectives, encouraging multidisciplinary research, and fostering collaboration between academe, the private sector and government

Class-tested and coherent, this textbook teaches classical and web information retrieval, including web search and the related areas of text classification and text clustering from basic concepts. It gives an up-to-date treatment of all aspects of the design and implementation of systems for gathering, indexing, and searching documents; methods for evaluating systems; and an introduction to the use of machine learning methods on text collections. All the important ideas are explained using examples and figures, making it perfect for introductory courses in information retrieval for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in computer science. Based on feedback from extensive classroom experience, the book has been carefully structured in order to make teaching more natural and effective. Slides and additional exercises (with solutions for lecturers) are also available through the book's supporting website to help course instructors prepare their lectures.