Toward A Comparison Of Dna Profiling And Databases In The United States And England

RAND researchers explored the U.S. and English forensic DNA analysis systems to find out whether England has capitalized more fully on their crime-fighting potential than the U.S. system, processing samples more quickly and providing more database hits for law enforcement.

This collection reviews developments in DNA profiling across jurisdictions with a focus on scientific and technological developments as well as their political, ethical, and socio-legal aspects. Written by leading scholars in the fields of social studies of forensic science, science and technology studies and socio-legal studies, the book provides state-of-the-art analyses of forensic DNA practices in a diverse range of jurisdictions, new and emerging forensic genetics technologies and issues of legitimacy. The work articulates the various forms of technolegal politics involved in the everyday, standardised and emerging practices of forensic genetics and engages with the most recent scholarly and policy literature. In analyses of empirical cases, and by taking into account the most recent technolegal developments, the book explores what it means to live in a world that is increasingly governed through anticipatory crime control and its related risk management and bio-surveillance mechanisms, which intervene with and produce political and legal subjectivities through human bodies in their DNA. This volume is an invaluable resource for those working in the areas of social studies of forensic science, science and technology studies, socio-legal studies, sociology, anthropology, ethics, law, politics and international relations.

Traditionally, forensic investigation has not been fully utilized in the investigation of property crime. This ground-breaking book examines the experiences of patrol officers, command staff, detectives, and chiefs as they navigate the expectations of forensic evidence in criminal cases, specifically property crimes cases. DNA and Property Crime Scene Investigation looks at the current state of forensic technology and, using interviews with police officers, command staff, forensic technicians, and prosecutors, elucidates who is doing the work of forensic investigation. It explores how better training can decrease backlogs in forensic evidence processing and prevent mishandling of crucial evidence. Concluding with a police chief’s perspective on the approach, DNA and Property Crime Scene Investigation provides insight into an emerging and important approach to property crime scene investigation. Key Features Provides practical information on implementing forensic investigation for property crimes Examines the current state of forensic technology and points to future trends Includes a police chief’s perspective on the forensic approach to investigating property crimes Utilizes interviews with professionals in the field to demonstrate the benefits of the approach

Matching DNA samples from crime scenes and suspects is rapidly becoming a key source of evidence for use in our justice system. DNA Technology in Forensic Science offers recommendations for resolving crucial questions that are emerging as DNA typing becomes more widespread. The volume addresses key issues: Quality and reliability in DNA typing, including the introduction of new technologies, problems of standardization, and approaches to certification. DNA typing in the courtroom, including issues of population genetics, levels of understanding among judges and juries, and admissibility. Societal issues, such as privacy of DNA data, storage of samples and data, and the rights of defendants to quality testing technology. Combining this original volume with the new update-The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence-provides the complete, up-to-date picture of this highly important and visible topic. This volume offers important guidance to anyone working with this emerging law enforcement tool: policymakers, specialists in criminal law, forensic scientists, geneticists, researchers, faculty, and students.

The Handbook of Homicide presents a series of original essays by renowned authors from around the world, reflecting the latest scholarship on the nature, causes, and patterns of homicide, as well as policies and practices for its investigation and prevention. Includes comprehensive coverage of the complex phenomenon of homicide and its various forms Features original contributions from an esteemed team of global experts and scholars with chapters highlighting the authors’ original research Represents the first internationally-focused collection of the latest research on the nature and causes of homicide Covers both the causes and dynamics of homicide, as well as policies and practices intended to address it

“At a time when policing in America is at a crossroads, Barry Friedman provides much-needed insight, analysis, and direction in his thoughtful new book. Unwarranted illuminates many of the often ignored issues surrounding how we police in America and highlights why reform is so urgently needed. This revealing book comes at a critically important time and has much to offer all who care about fair treatment and public safety.” —Bryan Stevenson, founder and Executive Director of the Equal Justice Initiative and author of Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption In June 2013, documents leaked by Edward Snowden sparked widespread debate about secret government surveillance of Americans. Just over a year later, the shooting of Michael Brown, a black teenager in Ferguson, Missouri, set off protests and triggered concern about militarization of law enforcement and discriminatory policing. In Unwarranted, Barry Friedman argues that these two seemingly disparate events are connected—and that the problem is not so much the policing agencies as it is the rest of us. We allow these agencies to operate in secret and to decide how to police us, rather than calling the shots ourselves. And the courts, which we depended upon to supervise policing, have let us down entirely. Unwarranted tells the stories of ordinary people whose lives were torn apart by policing—by the methods of cops on the beat and those of the FBI and NSA. Driven by technology, policing has changed dramatically. Once, cops sought out bad guys; today, increasingly militarized forces conduct wide surveillance of all of us. Friedman captures the eerie new environment in which CCTV, location tracking, and predictive policing have made suspects of us all, while proliferating SWAT teams and increased use of force have put everyone’s property and lives at risk. Policing falls particularly heavily on minority communities and the poor, but as Unwarranted makes clear, the effects of policing are much broader still. Policing is everyone’s problem. Police play an indispensable role in our society. But our failure to supervise them has left us all in peril. Unwarranted is a critical, timely intervention into debates about policing, a call to take responsibility for governing those who govern us.

The November issue is the special annual review of the U.S. Supreme Court's previous Term. Each year, the issue is introduced by noteworthy and extensive contributions from recognized scholars. In this issue, for the 2012 Term, articles and essays include: • Foreword: "Equality Divided," by Reva B. Siegel • Comment: "Beyond the Discrimination Model on Voting," by Samuel Issacharoff • Comment: "Windsor and Brown: Marriage Equality and Racial Equality," by Michael J. Klarman • Comment: "License, Registration, Cheek Swab: DNA Testing and the Divided Court," by Erin Murphy The issue also features essays on substantive and procedural law, and judicial method, honoring Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and her 20 years on the Court. The essays are written by such scholars as Deborah Anker, Susan Farbstein, Judge Nancy Gertner, Lani Guinier, Vicki Jackson, Richard Lazarus, John Manning, Martha Minow, Carol Steiker, Julie Suk, Laurence Tribe, and Mark Tushnet. In addition, the first issue of each new volume provides an extensive summary of the important cases of the previous Supreme Court docket, covering a wide range of legal, political and constitutional subjects. Student commentary on Leading Cases of the 2012 Term includes recent cases on: federal preemption regarding elections; the Privileges and Immunities Clause; unconstitutional conditions violating free speech; effective assistance of counsel; dog-sniffing at the doorstep under the Fourth Amendment; jury trial right for mandatory sentencing; affirmative action in public universities; class action certification in securities cases; class action waivers in arbitration clauses; plain error review when new law is made after appeal; standing in government surveillance challenges; extraterritoriality under the Alien Tort Statute; actual innocence under AEDPA; deference to agencies in clean water and communication act cases; the First Sale Doctrine in copyright law; patent exhaustion; patentable subject matter; reverse payment settlements; Indian adoptions; and employer liability for supervisor harassment under Title VII. Complete statistical graphs and tables of the Court's actions and results during the Term are included. Finally, the issue features several summaries of Recent Publications.

Starting p. 1) -- 1 Introduction (starting p. 27) -- Background (starting p. 27) -- Genetic Basis of DNA Typing (starting p. 32) -- Technological Basis of DNA Typing (starting p. 36) -- Population Genetics Relevant to the Interpretation of DNA Typing (starting p. 44) -- Characteristics of an Optimal Forensic DNA Typing System (starting p. 48) -- References (starting p. 49) -- 2 DNA Typing: Technical Considerations (starting p. 51) -- Essentials of a Forensic DNA Typing Procedure (starting p. 52) -- Technical Issues in RFLP Analysis (starting p. 56) -- Technical Issues in PCR-Based Methods (starting p. 63) -- National Committee on Forensic DNA Typing (starting p. 70) -- Summary of Recommendations (starting p. 72) -- References (starting p. 73) -- 3 DNA Typing: Statistical Basis for Interpretation (starting p. 74) -- Estimating the Population Frequency of a DNA Pattern (starting p. 75) -- Determining Allele Frequencies in a Population Databank (starting p. 85) -- Implications of Genetic Correlations among Relatives (starting p. 86) -- Implications of Increased Power of DNA Typing Compared with Conventional Serology (starting p. 88) -- Laboratory Error Rates (starting p. 88) -- Toward a Firm Foundation for Statistical Interpretation (starting p. 89) -- Summary of Recommendations (starting p. 94) -- References (starting p. 95) -- 4 Ensuring High Standards (starting p. 97) -- Defining the Principles of Quality Assurance (starting p. 98) -- Potential Methods for Ensuring Quality (starting p. 99) -- Quality Assurance in Related Fields (starting p. 101) -- Initial Efforts Toward Establishing Standards in Forensic DNA Typing (starting p. 102) -- A Regulatory Program for DNA Typing (starting p. 104) -- Summary of Recommendations (starting p. 108) -- References (starting p. 109) -- 5 Forensic DNA Databanks and Privacy of Information (starting p. 111) -- Comparison of DNA Profiles and Latent Fingerprints (starting p. 111) -- Confidentiality and Security (starting p. 113) -- Methodological Standardization (starting p. 116) -- Cost Versus Benefit (starting p. 117) -- Whose Samples Should Be Included? (starting p. 118) -- Sample Storage (starting p. 122) -- Information To Be Included and Maintained in a Databank (starting p. 122) -- Rules on Accessibility (starting p. 123) -- Statistical Interpretation of Databank Matches (starting p. 124) -- Status of Databank Development (starting p. 124) -- Model Cooperative Information Resource (starting p. 126) -- Summary of Recommendations (starting p. 128) -- References (starting p. 129) -- 6 Use of DNA Information in the Legal System (starting p. 131) -- Admissibility (starting p. 132) -- DNA Databanks on Convicted Felons: Legal Aspects (starting p. 142) -- Assessing the Admissibility of Evidence Based on Results of Further Advances in DNA Technology (starting p. 143) -- Suggestions For Use ofDNA Evidence (starting p. 145) -- DNA Evidence and the Various Parties in the Legal System (starting p. 146) -- Testing Laboratories (starting p. 148) -- Protective Orders (starting p. 148) -- Availability and Cost of Experts (starting p. 148) -- Summary of Recommendations (starting p. 149) -- References (starting p. 150) -- 7 DNA Typing and Society (starting p. 152) -- Economic Aspects (starting p. 153) -- Ethical Aspects (starting p. 154) -- Abuse and Misuse of DNA Information (starting p. 158) -- Expectations (starting p. 160) -- Accountability and Public Scrutiny (starting p. 162) -- International Exchange (starting p. 162) -- Summary of Recommendations (starting p. 163) -- References (starting p. 163) -- Organizational Abbreviations (starting p. 165) -- Glossary (starting p. 167) -- Biographical Information on Committee Members (starting p. 173) -- Participants (starting p. 179) -- Index (starting p. 179).