Tracts On The Modern Reformation Of Korean Buddhism

Tracts on the Modern Reformation of Korean Buddhism consists of four selected works by three writers: Han Yongun’s 韓龍雲 (1879–1944) Treatise on the Restoration of Korean Buddhism (1913) and “Reform Proposals for Korean Buddhism” (1931); Gwon Sangro’s 權相老(1879–1965) “Treatise on the Reformation of Korean Buddhism” (1912-1913); and Yi Yeongjae’s 李英宰(1900–1927) “Treatise on the Renovation of Korean Buddhism” (1922). These works represent modern Buddhist intellectuals’ awareness of social reality and their new visions at the contemporary turning point of modernization. The Treatise on the Restoration of Korean Buddhism emphasizes on superiority of Buddhism, which encompasses both philosophy and religion, and its modern features on the one hand, and argues for the elimination of past evils and a social renovation on the other. This work stresses the urgent necessity of the modern education, studying abroad, and the secured freedom of thought. In “Reform Proposals for Korean Buddhism,” Han advocates for the establishment of a unified institute, the necessity of translation into the Korean language using the Korean script (Han-geul), and the popularization of Buddhism. In “Treatise on the Reformation of Korean Buddhism,” Gwon insists that Korean Buddhism should overcome the old traditions of dependency or obedience as well as its exclusiveness and be radically reformed in the age of religious competition that is based on social evolution theory. The “Treatise on the Renovation of Korean Buddhism” suggests an institutional direction of Buddhist reformation with a critical awareness of the system under the Temple Ordinances issued by the Japanese Colonial Government. This work also proposes the establishment of a religious constitution and an innovative organization following a democratic model that pursues the separation of power. These works emphasize the necessity of socialization, education, institutional, and economical independence of Buddhism.

Treatise on the reformation of Korean Buddhism (Joseon Bulgyo Gaehyeongnon) / Gwon Sangro -- Treatise on the restoration of Korean Buddhism (Joseon Bulgyo yusinnon) / Han Yongun -- Reform proposals for Korean Buddhism (Joseon Bulgyo ui gaehyeogan) / Han Yongun -- Treatise on the renovation of Korean Buddhism (Joseon Bulgyo hyeoksinnon) / Yi Yeongjae

A Collection of Modern Korean Buddhist Discourses consists of twelve articles which were carefully selected from Buddhist journals of the modern period. These articles critically discuss the past and the present of Korean Buddhism and offer the prospect for the future by dealing with various topics in different fields, such as history, religion, literature, politics, society, and culture. The authors include not only renowned scholars of Buddhist studies, such as Gim Beomnin 金法麟 (1899–1964), Kim Yeongsu 金映遂 (1884–1967), Gim Taeheup 金泰洽 (1899–1989), and Baek Seonguk 白性郁(1897–1981), as well as prominent figures in Korean studies and Korean literature, such as Choe Namseon 崔南善 (1890–1957) and Yi Gwangsu 李光洙 (1892–1950). The twelve selected articles are as follows: ① Choe Namseon, “Overview of Korean Buddhism: A Diachronic Approach to Korean Buddhism” (1918) ② Yi Gwangsu, “Buddhism and Korean Literature” (1925) ③ Baek Seonguk, “To Establish a Modern Buddhism” (1926) ④ Gim Taeheup, “Research on Religion and the Development of Social Work” (1926–1928) ⑤ Gim Byeokong, “A Concern for Korean Buddhism: The Words Addressed to All Korean Buddhist Clerics” (1927) ⑥ Choe Namseon, “Korean Buddhism: Its Position in the Cultural History of the East” (1930) ⑦ Yu Yeop, “Buddhism and the Trend of Social Thought” (1931) ⑧ Kang Yumun, “Overview of Korean Buddhism for the Last Hundred Years” (1932) ⑨ Gim Beomnin, “On the Separation of Religion and Politics” (1932) ⑩ Heo Yeongho, “Foundations and Errors of Anti-Religion Movement” (1932) ⑪ Mong Jeongsaeng, “Examining the Causes of Korean Buddhism Facing a Crisis” (1932) ⑫ Gim Yeongsu, “On the Principle Teachings of Korean Buddhism” (1933)

Sheaves of Korean Buddhist History, a brief history of Korean Buddhism, is one of the representative works on Korean Buddhism in the modern period. The author Gim Yeongsu was a scholar-monk, who was well known for his influential research on the systems of religious orders in Korean Buddhism by advancing such theories as Five Doctrinal [schools] and Nine Mountains [school of Seon], Five Doctrinal [schools] and Two [Meditative] schools, and Two Schools of Meditative practice and doctrinal Teaching. The first part on the Three Kingdoms and the Unified Silla period includes various topics, such as the introduction of Buddhism to Korean peninsula; the achievements of eminent monks in pursuing the Buddhist truth; the adoption and development of doctrinal learning; the establishment of Buddhist schools, such as the Hwaeom school; and the transmission of Chan and the formation of Nine Mountains school of Seon. The contents of the second part on the Goryeo period include the royal worship of Buddhism, monastic examinations; the activities of eminent monks; the establishment of the Cheontae 天台 school and the Five Doctrinal [schools] and Two [Meditative] schools; the carving of the woodblocks of the Goryeo Buddhist canon; Buddhist cultural exchange with neighboring countries; the flourishing of the Seon school and the introduction of Ganhwa Seon; and so forth. The part on the Joseon period describes the official policy of persecuting Buddhism during the early Joseon period; the forced unification of Buddhist schools; the activities of monk militias during the Hideoyoshi invasion of Korea (1592–1598); synthesis of the three practices of Seon, Gyo (Buddhist doctrines), and chanting the Buddha’s name during the late Joseon; the problem of Dharma lineage of the Imje school; and Buddhist educational systems and practices. The part on the modern period examines such topics as the Temple Ordinances issued by the Japanese Colonial Government and institutional changes in the Buddhist community.

Essential Compendium for Buddhists: A Modern Buddhist Liturgy is a book on Buddhist rituals, which was edited by An Jinho 安震湖 (1880–1965) and Choe Chwiheo 崔就墟 (1865–?). This work represents the process of evolution of modern Buddhist rituals and concrete features of popularization and modernization of Buddhism. An Jinho, a scholar-monk who worked around Yecheon and Mun-gyeong of North Gyeongsang Province, dedicated himself to the translation and publication of Buddhist canonical texts by establishing the publishing institute Mansanghoe. He is also well known as the editor of Seongmun uibeom (Buddhist Ritual Manual, 1935), the compilation of traditional Buddhist rituals. Choe Chwiheo is also a scholar-monk who worked in North Gyeongsang Province, and participated in the Mind-field Development Movement, a movement in the middle and late 1930s to educate people common people that simultaneously promoted agriculture in the countryside. Essential Compendium for Buddhists: A Modern Buddhist Liturgy is a collection that describes various Buddhist chanting or worship ceremonies. This book was reviewed by the Buddhist scholars Gwon Sangno and Gim Taeheup, and Han Yongun sponsored the publication. The main body is comprised of abbreviated excerpts from various Buddhist ceremonial texts along with additional explanations in the Korean language. This work encompasses the traditional process of Buddhist rituals and regular ceremonies along with verses, ritual prayers, precepts, and entreaties on the one hand, and reflects Buddhist efforts toward modernization in the process of its adaptation to the new age on the other. As an essential guide to Korean Buddhist rituals and ceremonies, this book was used as an indispensable manual for temple ceremonies and daily Buddhist events. The source text of this translation was the moveable lead type edition published at Yeonbangsa (1931), which was sold at Buddhist societies (Bulgyosa 佛敎社).