U S Army Rangers Special Forces Of World War Ii

U.S. Army Rangers & Special Forces of World War II tells the story of the U.S. Army's elite Rangers and special forces largely through pictures. Never before has such an expansive view of World War II been offered in one volume. Furthermore, an extensive search of public and private archives unearthed an astonishing number of rare and never before seen images, some in color. Most notable are the nearly twenty exemplary photographs of Lieutenant Colonel William O. Darby's Ranger Force in Italy, taken by Robert Capa, who is considered by many to be the greatest combat photographer of all time. Complementing the period photographs are numerous color plates detailing the rare and often unique items of insignia, weaponry, and equipment that marked the soldiers whose heavy task it was to lead the way.

Illustrated with 11 maps and 35 Illustrations From the plains of Europe to the jungles of the Pacific, the U.S. Army in World War II employed a variety of commando and guerrilla operations to harass the Axis armies, gather intelligence, and support the more conventional Allied military efforts. During the Allied invasion of northern France on D-day, elite American infantry scaled the sheer cliffs of the Normandy coast, while smaller combat teams and partisans struck deep behind German lines, attacking enemy troop concentrations and disrupting their communications. On the other side of the globe, U.S. soldiers led guerrillas against Japanese patrols in the jungles of the Philippines and pushed through uncharted paths in the rugged mountains of northern Burma to strike at the enemy rear. Special operations such as these provided some of the most stirring adventure stories of the war, with innumerable legends growing from the exploits of Darby’s and Rudder’s Rangers, Merrill’s Marauders, the Jedburghs, the guerrillas of the Philippines, and the Kachins of northern Burma. Despite the public and historical attention paid to the exploits of American special operations forces in World War II, their significance remains a matter of dispute. Both during and after the conflict, many officers argued that such endeavors contributed little in a war won primarily by conventional combat units. They perceived little, if any, place for such units in official Army doctrine. Yet others have contended that a broader, more intelligent use of special operations would have hastened the triumph of Allied arms during World War II. In their eyes, the experience gained by the U.S. Army in the field during the war was important and foreshadowed the shape of future military operations.

This Leavenworth Paper is a critical reconstruction of World War II Ranger operations conducted at or near Djebel el Ank, Tunisia; Porto Empedocle, Sicily; Cisterna, Italy; Zerf, Germany; and Cabanatuan in the Philippines. It is not intended to be a comprehensive account of World War II Ranger operations, for such a study would have to include numerous minor actions that are too poorly documented to be studied to advantage. It is, however, representative for it examines several types of operations conducted against the troops of three enemy nations in a variety of physical and tactical environments. As such, it draws a wide range of lessons useful to combat leaders who may have to conduct such operations or be on guard against them in the future. Many factors determined the outcomes of the operations featured in this Leavenworth Paper, and of these there are four that are important enough to merit special emphasis. These are surprise, the quality of opposing forces, the success of friendly forces with which the Rangers were cooperating, and popular support.

This book introduces readers to the elite special operations forces of each branch of the U.S. military. Historical information highlights the colonial scouts used during King Philip's War, Captain Robert Rogers' special forces during the French and Indian War, Colonel Thomas Knowlton, Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, and Colonel Francis Marion's rangers and irregulars during the Revolutionary War, the Union and the Confederacy's rangers during the American Civil War, the Army Rangers formed during World War II, and the importance of special forces during the Cold War, the Vietnam War, and the wars against terrorism. Readers will learn about the varied but intense training required of the few who qualify to become special forces, including navigation, first aid, parachuting, and weapons training involving pistols, sniper rifles, machine guns, explosives, hand grenades, and even night vision goggles, and their continued emphasis on excellence. Other chapters cover individual groups, including specialties such as desert and mountain training of the Army Rangers, missions, duties, and requirements such as foreign language skills of the Green Berets, the history and secrecy behind Delta Force and their job preventing terrorism, the advanced weapons and combat training, underwater and hostage rescue missions, and history of the Navy SEALs, the amphibious actions and unique perspective of Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance, and the close air support, search and rescue missions, and close work with Army Rangers and Navy SEALs of Air Force Special Operations. Full-color photographs, sidebars, fun facts, a graphic timeline, a glossary, and an index accompany this easy-to-read text.

From the deadly shores of North Africa to the invasion of Sicily to the fierce jungle hell of the Pacific, the contribution of the World War II Ranger Battalions far outweighed their numbers. They were ordinary men on an extraordinary mission, experiencing the full measure of the fear, exhaustion, and heroism of combat in nearly every major invasion of the war. Whether spearheading a landing force or scouting deep behind enemy lines, these highly motivated, highly trained volunteers led the way for other soldiers -- they were Rangers. With first-person interviews, in-depth research, and a complete appendix naming every Ranger known to have served, author Robert Black, a Ranger himself, has made the battles of WWII come to life through the struggles of the men who fought to win the greatest war the world has ever seen.

Operation Urgent Fury, conducted In October 1983, focused international attention on the US Army Rangers. This tough, highly mobile force performed an airborne-airland assault into Grenada on short notice and quickly seized objectives while sustaining only limited casualties. The performance of the Rangers in Grenada is indicative of the role that skilled forces can play in a nation's military strategy and exemplifies the deal use of highly trained "elite" forces. The U S Army Ranger has a proud heritage dating from Rogers' Rangers to the present, but at no time was the Rangers' legacy more evident than during the heyday of World War II. Conceived under the guidance of then Army Chief of Staff, General George C Marshall, the Rangers were selectively recruited and trained for operations such as raids, infiltrations, and specialized combat. In reality their utilization was somewhat more varied thus providing one of the themes for this Leavenworth Paper. The five Ranger operations recounted in this paper depict the Rangers in a variety of combat roles. Each operation provided unique challenges to the Ranger Force, and each produced different results. Created for one purpose, often used and misused for others, the Ranger organization fluctuated throughout the war. The longer the Ranger Force remained in a theater of operations, the heavier it became and the more likely it was to be employed in a conventional role. The Ranger leadership constantly struggled with organizational problems in its attempts to balance the need for additional firepower aid combat power with the need to retain its identity as a light mobile flexible strike force. The evolutional process depicted in this paper illustrates the difficulties encountered by military units that are given inappropriate missions for their force capability. When the Rangers were utilized in their designed roles in appropriate missions and within organizational constraints they achieved outstanding successes. When these organizational constraints were ignored and Rangers were used in a conventional role, disaster resulted as at Cisterna when the Rangers were unable to counter the German armor threat. In Rangers: Selected Combat Operations in World War II, Dr Michael J. King presents a multifaceted work that blends battle narrative operational lessons and doctrinal considerations into a paper that provides a useful historical perspective into Ranger operations. The relevance of these historical case studies to current and future elite force operations is evident. Force designers, doctrine writers, and commanders will greatly profit from the valuable information contained In this Leavenworth Paper. One needs only to study these lessons and apply them. Robert W. Riscassi Lieutenant General, USA Commandant

This Leavenworth Paper is a critical reconstruction of World War II Ranger operations conducted at or near Djebel el Ank, Tunisia; Porto Empedocle, Sicily; Cisterna, Italy; Zerf, Germany; and Cabanatuan in the Philippines. It is not intended to be a comprehensive account of World War II Ranger operations, for such a study would have to include numerous minor actions that are too poorly documented to be studied to advantage. It is, however, representative for it examines several types of operations conducted against the troops of three enemy nations in a variety of physical and tactical environments. As such, it draws a wide range of lessons useful to combat leaders who may have to conduct such operations or be on guard against them in the future. Many factors determined the outcomes of the operations featured in this Leavenworth Paper, and of these there are four that are important enough to merit special emphasis. These are surprise, the quality of opposing forces, the success of friendly forces with which the Rangers were cooperating, and popular support.