U S Global Leadership Role And Domestic Polarization

In this book Gordon Friedrichs offers a pioneering insight into the implications of domestic polarization for U.S. foreign policymaking and the exercise of America’s international leadership role. Through a mixed-method design and a rich dataset consisting of polarization data, congressional debates and letters, as well as co-sponsorship coalitions, Friedrichs applies role theory to analyze three polarization effects for U.S. leadership role-taking: a sorting effect, a partisan warfare, and an institutional corrosion effect. These effects are deployed in two comparative case studies: The Iran nuclear crisis as well as the negotiations of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. Friedrichs effectively exposes the drivers of polarization and how this extreme divergence has translated into partisan warfare as well as institutional corrosion, affecting direction and performance of the U.S. global leadership role. Through advancing role theory beyond other studies and developing the concept of "diagonal contestation" as a mechanism that allows us to locate polarization within a "two-level role game" between agent and structure, U.S. Global Leadership Role and Domestic Polarization is a rich resource for scholars of international relations, foreign policy analysis, American government and polarization.

Leaders have come and gone, but few can be considered exemplary. War, destruction, and political corruption run rampant in the world. A wake-up call is needed to tackle the increasing polarization among nations from various unresolved conflicts. Leaders with sound morals and character must rise. In Shaping the Future of Global Leadership, author Dr. Salar A. Khan explores how to develop the mindset of a leader and train and select these people to create a more peaceful and just world. He reviews failures of the current leadership system and presents ideas for creating a new, independent global leadership organization (IGLO) that will generate standards for best practices and accountability for any wrongdoing among leaders. Khan demonstrates how this organization creates a system by which global leaders must undergo a thorough mental evaluation, personality and values development, and basic knowledge before engaging in the election process. In addition, he proposes a screening tool identifying global leaders with the highest chance of functioning well in making high-level decisions that impact the course of nations. Shaping the Future of Global Leadership demonstrates that by identifying and training the right leaders, we can work together to make the world a better place to live, one in which society is more harmonized and regulated.

A Century Foundation and Center for American Progress publication The United States entered the twenty-first century as a global leader, emulated for its ideals as much as it is respected for its power to shape events. American leadership served as the bedrock for the international order, promoting prosperity and peace both at home and abroad. But in the first years of the new century, U.S. foreign policy--exemplified by war in Iraq, the rejection of international treaties, and disregard for traditional allies--gave the impression to many that the United States had abandoned that leadership role in favor of one premised on military power. In Power and Superpower, some of the United States' most distinguished and experienced policymakers and experts outline a foreign policy that would allow America to reclaim its status as a reliable and visionary global leader. The essays identify the pressing foreign policy issues currently facing the United States and provide analysis to underpin a progressive foreign policy that would call upon all of America's strengths and respect the commitments we share with the rest of the world. Contributors include Madeleine Albright (former secretary of state), Yaeli Bloch-Elkon (Columbia University), Nancy Birdsall (Center for Global Development), Mark Malloch Brown (deputy secretary general, United Nations), Wesley K. Clark (U.S.Army, ret.), Eileen Claussen (Pew Center on Global Climate Change), Ivo H. Daalder (Brookings), Elliot Diringer (Pew Center on Global Climate Change), James Dobbins (RAND Corporation), David P. Forsythe (University of Nebraska-Lincoln), Ken Gude (Center for American Progress), Charles A. Kupchan (Georgetown University), Robert Kuttner (American Prospect), Robert Z. Lawrence (Harvard University), Jim Leach (former U.S. representative, Iowa), Richard C. Leone (The Century Foundation), Michael McFaul (Stanford University), Stewart Patrick (Center for Global Development), John D. Podesta (Center for American Progress), Susan Rice (Brookings Institution), John G. Ruggie (Harvard University), William F. Schulz (Center for American Progress), Robert Y. Shapiro (Columbia University), Gayle Smith (Center for American Progress), George Soros (Open Society Institute), James B. Steinberg (Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas), Daniel Tarullo (Georgetown University), Peter L.Trubowitz (University of Texas at Austin), and Milan Vaishnav (Center for Global Development).

This book offers an assessment of the ongoing transformation of hegemonic order and its domestic and international politics. The current international order is in crisis. Under the Trump administration, the USA has ceased to unequivocally support the institutions it helped to foster. China’s power surge, contestation by smaller states, and the West’s internal struggle with populism and economic discontent have undermined the liberal order from outside and from within. While the diagnosis of a crisis is hardly new, its sources, scope, and underlying politics are still up for debate. Our reading of hegemony diverges from a static concept, toward a focus on the dynamic politics of hegemonic ordering. This perspective includes the domestic support and demand for specific hegemonic goods, the contestation and backing by other actors within distinct layers of hegemonic orders, and the underlying bargaining between the hegemon and subordinate actors. The case studies in this book thus investigate hegemonic politics across regimes (e.g., trade and security), regions (e.g., Asia, Europe, and Global South), and actors (e.g., major powers and smaller states).

In an era of ever-increasing polarization in the US Congress, American foreign policy remains marked by frequent bipartisanship. In Bipartisanship and US Foreign Policy, Jordan Tama shows that, even as polarization in American politics reaches new heights, Democrats and Republicans in Washington continue to cooperate on important international issues. Looking closely at congressional voting patterns and recent debates over military action, economic sanctions, international trade, and foreign policy spending, Tama reveals that bipartisanship remains surprisingly common when US elected officials turn their attention overseas. Yet bipartisanship today rarely involves complete unity. Instead, bipartisan coalitions spanning members of both parties often coexist with intra-party divisions or disagreement between Congress and the president, making it difficult for the United States to speak with one voice on the global stage. Drawing on new data and interviews of more than 100 foreign policy practitioners, this book documents the persistence of bipartisanship on international issues and highlights key factors that facilitate or impede cooperation on foreign policy challenges.

In Brazil’s International Activism Monika Sawicka questions how Brazil’s deep-rooted craving for greatness has led to the quest for status in the twenty-first century and contends that the categorization of Brazil as an “emerging middle power” enriches the understanding of modern Brazilian foreign policy. Drawing on the rich vocabulary of role theory, Sawicka sets out to establish an original theoretical framework that comprises the structural (status), the behavioral (role), and the cognitive-ideational (identity) to assess whether Brazil has performed roles distinguishing a middle power and how the state has reconceptualized them. The model is applied to scrutinize how ideational and material drivers impacted Brazil’s engagement as an integrator in Latin America, donor in Africa, mediator in the Middle East, and coalition-builder of developing states in global fora. Despite recent criticism of the concept of “emerging middle powers”, Sawicka argues that Brazil’s international activism stands as a precise embodiment of such a power. With an aim of theory development and contributing to the debate on Brazil’s international standing, Brazil’s International Activism provides a much-required reinterpretation of Brazilian foreign policy which will be of interest to scholars and students of Foreign Policy Analysis, International Relations and Latin-American Studies.

In this book, Sandra Engstrand uses role theory to study learning processes in environmental policy negotiations in the Arctic Council. Owing to rapid ice-melting in the Arctic region, and more accessible commercial opportunities, there is a greater need for environmental protection. However, large sections of the Arctic fall under state jurisdiction, often causing tensions to arise that prevent any cooperation from achieving fully efficient environmental protection. To enhance our understanding on how states learn about environmental norms, Engstrand examines negotiation processes on environmental protection for the prevention of Arctic marine oil spills and the reduction of short-lived climate pollutants. Through interviews with state representatives and through text analyses of nearly twenty years of meetings between Senior Arctic Officials from each of the eight Arctic states, Engstrand suggests that learning on environmental norms runs firstly through a learning of roles in international relations. She demonstrates how member states develop through self-reflection and by considering the expectation of others, concluding that states’ wishes to preserve their social role in a group and to be perceived as Arctic ‘cooperators’ are drivers for a social education on environmental norms. A timely and unmatched volume Role Theory, Environmental Politics, and Learning in International Relations will engage students and academic researchers in international relations, environmental governance, and Arctic politics.