Ultrasound Technology In Green Chemistry

As a new and rapidly growing science, the applications of ultrasound methods in environmental technology hold a promising future. Compared to conventional methods, ultrasonication can bring several benefits such as being environmentally friendly (no toxic chemical are used or produced), low cost, and compact, allowing on-site treatment. Besides an overview featuring the background behind ultrasonic technology, this brief summarizes the main studies and innovations reported in recent research that has utilized ultrasound methods in environmental analysis, water, and sludge treatment, soil and sediment remediation to air purification.

The application of ultrasound waves to chemical reactions — sonochemistry — has huge potential for innovation in eco-friendly and eco-efficient chemistry. Sonochemistry: New Opportunities for Green Chemistry first introduces the basics of ultrasonic waves and the history of sonochemistry before moving on to look at acoustic cavitation and the estimation of ultrasonic parameters. After this comes a discussion of the equipment needed for experimentation with sonochemistry. Finally there is an in-depth look at green sonochemistry in different fields of research, covering concepts such as new combinations of ultrasound with ionic liquids, microwave irradiation, enzyme combination, and sono-assisted electrochemistry. In conclusion, distinguished sonochemists from around the world share their opinions on the green sonochemistry, and their predictions in the field.Undergraduate and graduate students in chemistry, and practitioners of ultrasonic technology will gain a unique insight into the opportunities and challenges facing sonochemistry today in its theoretical and practical implementation.

Ultrasonic irradiation and the associated sonochemical and sonophysical effects are complementary techniques for driving more efficient chemical reactions and yields. Sonochemistry—the chemical effects and applications of ultrasonic waves—and sustainable (green) chemistry both aim to use less hazardous chemicals and solvents, reduce energy consumption, and increase product selectivity. A comprehensive collection of knowledge, Handbook on Applications of Ultrasound covers the most relevant aspects linked to and linking green chemistry practices to environmental sustainability through the uses and applications of ultrasound-mediated and ultrasound-assisted biological, biochemical, chemical, and physical processes. Chapters are presented in the areas of: Medical applications Drug and gene delivery Nanotechnology Food technology Synthetic applications and organic chemistry Anaerobic digestion Environmental contaminants degradation Polymer chemistry Industrial syntheses and processes Reactor design Electrochemical systems Combined ultrasound−microwave technologies While the concepts of sonochemistry have been known for more than 80 years, in-depth understanding of this phenomenon continues to evolve. Through a review of the current status of chemical and physical science and engineering in developing more environmentally friendly and less toxic synthetic processes, this book highlights many existing applications and the enormous potential of ultrasound technology to upgrade present industrial, agricultural, and environmental processes.

Activation Methods examines recent improvements in the utilization of ultrasonic waves and pressurized gases to generate reactions. A straightforward method to use, sonochemistry allows chemical reactions to be carried out under ultrasound without the need for external heat, reagents or catalysts – leading to high yields and the production of a minimum amount of waste. This book presents an overview of the main applications of sonochemistry in green organic chemistry, with an emphasis on texts published within the last few years. High-pressure chemical reactions offer innovative solutions to problems relating to synthesis. They allow access to new products and a further understanding of reaction mechanisms. This book presents the characteristics of hyperbaric activation, which allow the integration of an arsenal of tools for green chemistry, such as the lowering of energy costs and of by-products, as well as the possibility of using substrates that are sterically congested and generally inert.

Traditionally heat and light are thought as energy sources to drive a particular chemical reaction, but now ultrasound is a promising energy source for this purpose. The collapse of a bubble generates a wide range of high temperatures and pressures, and therefore, use of ultrasound has a considerable potential in chemical and allied sciences. Ultrasound-assisted reactions are green and economically viable alternatives to conventional techniques. This new volume presents a complete picture of ultrasound-assisted reactions and technologies that can be used in organic synthesis, polymer synthesis and degradation, nanomaterials, wastewater treatment, food ingredients and products, pharmaceutical applications, bioenergy applications, and more. This volume aims to shed light on the diversified applications of ultrasound and its significant role as a green chemical pathway. Sonochemistry deals with the effect of ultrasonic waves on chemical systems. It has green value because of non-hazardous acoustic radiation and is therefore duly recognized as a green chemistry by synthetic chemists as well as environmentalists. There is no direct interaction of ultrasound with molecular species, but the observed chemical and physical effects of ultrasound are due to the cavitational collapse, which produces drastic conditions of temperature and pressure locally. It induces the formation of various chemical species, which cannot be easily attained under conventional conditions. Sometimes, these species are responsible for driving towards an unusual reactivity in molecular entities. This book, Sonochemistry: An Emerging Green Technology, provides the complete development of sonochemistry, starting with an introduction and basic concepts of sonochemistry and proceeding on to different types of sonochemical reactions, instrumentation, use of ultrasound in driving particular chemical reactions, and its applications in various fields, such as polymer synthesis, decontamination of water and wastewater, preparation of nanomaterials, food technology, pharmaceutical sciences, etc. The book also briefly discusses some areas that utilize ultrasounds of different frequencies. These include food products and their processing; anaerobic digestion of waste; and medical applications such as ultrasonography, sonodynamic therapy, drug delivery, etc. Sonochemistry will be successfully used on an industrial scale in pharmaceutical drugs, polymers, nanomaterials, food technology, material science, biogas production, etc. in years to come and will be an established green chemical technology of the future.

Over the past ten years, innovative technologies have shown that advanced oxidation processes are highly promising when applied to the remediation of polluted water or wastewater as they don’t generate any sludge or solid material of hazardous nature. Advances in Ultrasound Technology for Environmental Remediation reviews the fundamentals of ultrasound technology and the state of the art developments in “ultrasound-based free radical generation” in environmental remediation and pollution prevention. It also presents the challenges of introducing ultrasound technology into large-scale environmental remediation applications and examines the methods used to improve ultrasound technology. Indeed, ultrasonic systems are extremely sensitive and vulnerable to operational parameters which cannot be controlled without a good knowledge and understanding of physical and chemical phenomena. Advances in Ultrasound Technology for Environmental Remediation features the theory and fundamentals of ultrasound technology and discusses its potential as an alternative method in environmental remediation.

The present book has written especially for the research and post graduate students working in the area of Green and Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Green chemistry principles are of highest interest due to their use as new methodology and environmentally benign synthetic strategies for different series of various heterocyclic compounds. Hence, the green synthesis of organic molecules has generated vast interest to organic as well as for medicinal chemists and industrialists. Keeping this in mind, I have undertaken the compilation of different syntheses from reputed research articles. The book consists of five topics including introduction, general method of synthesis by Ultrasound irradiation, characterization data and literature survey. This book has demonstrated the various organic reactions by sonochemical synthesis with specified example from my Ph. D. work. I hope this book will help many researchers who are working in the area of green chemistry as well as synthetic organic chemistry for various heterocycles.

The book explains the importance of chemistry in solving environmental issues by highlighting the role green chemistry plays in making the environment clean and green by covering a wide array of topics ranging from sustainable development, microwave chemical reaction, renewable feedstocks, microbial bioremediation, and other topics that, when implemented, will advance environmental improvement. Green Chemistry for Environmental Remediation provides insight on how educators from around the world have incorporated green chemistry into their classrooms and how the principles of green chemistry can be integrated into the curriculum. The volume presents high-quality research papers as well as in-depth review articles from eminent professors, scientists, chemists, and engineers both from educational institutions and from industry. It introduces a new emerging green face of multidimensional environmental chemistry. Each chapter brings forward the latest literature and research being done in the related area. The 23 chapters are divided into 4 sections: Green chemistry and societal sustainability including teaching and education of green chemistry Green lab technologies and alternative solutions to conventional laboratory techniques Green bio-energy sources as green technology frontiers Green applications and solutions for remediation Green Chemistry for Environmental Remediation is an important resource for academic researchers, students, faculty, industrial chemists, chemical engineers, environmentalists, and anyone interested in environmental policy safeguarding the environment. Relevant industries include those in clean technology, renewable energy, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and chemicals. Another goal of the book is to promote and generate awareness about the relationship of green chemistry with the environment amongst the younger generation who might wish to pursue a career in green chemistry.