A Critical Bibliography Of French Literature The Nineteenth Century In Two Parts

Richard A. Brooks, general editor, v.

The nineteenth century in France is a nightmare for literary historians. Their thirst for categorization is more easily quenched by prior centuries, to which, because they seem unified by cohesive preoccupations and common goals, such appellations as the Renaissance, the Classical Age or le grand siècle, and the Enlightenment or Age of Ideas are appropriately applied. For the protean nineteenth century, for which no such handy tag has been or can be devised, is beyond all else distinguished by extreme heterogeneity and eclecticism. A period of chaotic social and political instability, of scientific and industrial revolution, it is, in literature, a time, not of solidarity, but of unprecedented individualism. Collective social consciousness yields to isolated probings into the uncharted recesses of the human mind and soul, and revolt agains standardized (even valorized) literary practice is seen in such developments as the slow undermining of the "accepted" literary lexicon, and of the qualities of unity, clarity, and reason, and in a radical overhauling of the system of prosody. If such diversity precludes coherence in nineteenth-century French literature, it can itself be recognized as the 2organizing3 element of this literary epoch. And it is precisely this paradox that the essays in this volume intend to reflect. They are not unified, as orthodoxy might dictate, by a common approach or theme or author. Rather they are marked, as was the century that is their context, by divergence and variety, not harmony and consistency. Multiformity in theme is reflected in discussions of such varied topics as pygmalionism, allegory, mirage, self-consciousness, plagiarism, madness, feminism, the grotesque, dance, and alchemy, which are addressed, in turn, from a variety of critical approaches: thematic, intertextual, historical, stylistic, psychocritical, sociological, and semiotic. Ecclecticism, indeed, has shaped the basic conception of the collection. Part 1 examines themes, presented as "pretext", that inform either authorial motivation or the orientation of a text prior to its actual inscription. Part 2 approaches the process of writing from the perspective of the text itself. And Part 3 is concerned with those spatial, temporal, and linguistic elements (context) that surround the literary text.

This volume adopts a varied approach to the study of the 'material world' in the French literature, thought and visual arts of the 19th century. Contributors look not only at the Romantic and Realist transcendence of the Neo-classical heritage of abstraction and idealism, but also adopt modern critical perspectives to analyse central themes such as urbanisation, fetishism and the representation of the female body.