Alloys

Metals and Alloys continues the series of graduate textbooks on Industrial Chemistry by Mark A. Benvenuto. It shows the essential industrial applications, processes and chemistry background for the extraction of metals, as well as the production and applications of alloys. The book discusses how large scale and minor processes affect every-day life, challenges in prevention and removal of waste by-products and illustrates selected chemical processes for which efforts have been made to improve and “green” industrial production of metals and alloys. Sources for metals are sorted by metal and alloy and backed by basic chemical background information and process set up. Overviews on worldwide ore distribution, refined metal and alloy production numbers are another focus of the book. Discusses sources, key processes and applications. Connects what students learn in class to real, large-scale metals chemistry that makes modern life possible. Intended for students, graduate students and beginners in the fiield of Chemistry, Chemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science. Visit degruyter.com for more information on books by Mark A. Benvenuto: Industrial Chemistry (2013), Industrial Chemistry: For Advanced Students (2015) and Industrial Inorganic Chemistry (2015). About the Author: Mark Anthony Benvenuto A Fellow of the American Chemical Society, he received his PhD in inorganic chemistry from the University of Virginia. After a post-doctoral fellowship at the Pennsylvania State University, he joined the University of Detroit Mercy, where he is now the Department Chairman and teaches an industrial chemistry course.

Alloying: Understanding the Basics is a comprehensive guide to the influence of alloy additions on mechanical properties, physical properties, corrosion and chemical behavior, and processing and manufacturing characteristics. The coverage considers "alloying" to include any addition of an element or compound that interacts with a base metal to influence properties. Thus, the book addresses the beneficial effects of major alloy additions, inoculants, dopants, grain refiners, and other elements that have been deliberately added to improve performance, as well the detrimental effects of minor elements or residual (tramp) elements included in charge materials or that result from improper melting or refining techniques. The content is presented in a concise, user-friendly format. Numerous figures and tables are provided. The coverage has been weighted to provided the most detailed information on the most industrially important materials.

Most aluminium-lithium (Al–Li) alloy fatigue crack growth (FCG) data have been obtained for 2nd generation alloys, specifically under constant amplitude (CA) and constant stress ratio (CR) loading, and for long/large cracks. These data show the alloys in a favourable light, but this FCG ‘advantage’ essentially disappears under realistic flight simulation loading, and is also absent for short/small cracks. Furthermore, the FCG advantage is due to inhomogeneous plastic deformation, which has undesirable consequences for other important properties. These consequences have greatly restricted the use of 2nd generation alloys in aerospace structures. FCG data for 3rd generation Al–Li alloys are becoming more available. Many of the issues associated with 2nd generation alloys have been eliminated or greatly alleviated as a result of several changes, including reduced Li contents and innovative thermomechanical processing. Consequently, the FCG behaviour of 3rd generation alloys is more similar to that of conventional alloys. Nevertheless, the 3rd generation alloys tend to have better FCG properties than equivalent conventional alloys; and these and other improvements have already led to many aircraft applications.