American National Standard Recommended Practice For An On Site Ad Hoc Test Method For Estimating Electromagnetic Immunity Of Medical Devices To Radiated Radio Frequency Rf Emissions From Rf Transmitters

Abstract: A guide to evaluating electromagnetic immunity of medical devices against radiated radio-frequency (RF) emissions from common RF transmitters is provided in this recommended practice (e.g., two-way radios; walkie-talkies; mobile phones; wireless-enabled tablets, e-readers, laptop computers, and similar devices; RFID readers; networked mp3 players; two-way pagers; and wireless personal digital assistants [PDAs]). A comprehensive test or a guarantee is not provided by this protocol but, instead, a basic evaluation is given that can help identify medical devices that might be particularly vulnerable to interference from common RF transmitters. Existing or newly purchased medical devices can be evaluated by this ad hoc test protocol or the protocol can be implemented for prepurchase evaluation. This recommended practice applies to medical devices used in health-care facilities but can also be adapted to medical devices in home health-care or mobile health-care settings. It does not apply to implantable medical devices (e.g., pacemakers and defibrillators), transport environments such as ambulances and helicopters, or RF transmitters rated at more than 8 W of output power. Testing with transmitters greater than 8 W in health-care facilities is not recommended because of possible adverse effects on critical-care medical devices that are in use in nearby areas of the facility. Finally, in-band RF interference where the fundamental frequency of an RF transmitter overlaps with frequencies used by a hospital wireless network or monitoring or other medical device wireless links is not addressed by this recommended practice. Keywords: ad hoc testing, American National Standard, ANSI C63.18, electromagnetic compatibility, electromagnetic immunity, electromagnetic interference, EMC, EMI, health-care facilities, in situ testing, medical devices, on-site testing, portable radio frequency transmitters, test method, test procedure, wireless.

Many of us in science have this "Aha!" moment when the mental puzzle is put together and you get a clear picture of a product, which will change the world. Moreover, you have a clear understanding of how it can be a commercial success. So, you decide to start a new company, a startup, and have a clear path to success. However, soon you come face to face with reality, where things are much more complicated. Only a minute fraction of startups survives and becomes successful. This is particularly true in the complex world of medical devices. There are many good books on startups but this book is specifically about startups specializing in medical devices, which are very different from other ones. It is written by a MedDev entrepreneur for first-time MedTech entrepreneurs.

A railway is a complex distributed engineering system: the construction of a new railway or the modernisation of a existing one requires a deep understanding of the constitutive components and their interaction, inside the system itself and towards the outside world. The former covers the various subsystems (featuring a complex mix of high power sources, sensitive safety critical systems, intentional transmitters, etc.) and their interaction, including the specific functions and their relevance to safety. The latter represents all the additional possible external victims and sources of electromagnetic interaction. EMC thus starts from a comprehension of the emissions and immunity characteristics and the interactions between sources and victims, with a strong relationship to electromagnetics and to system modeling. On the other hand, the said functions are achieved and preserved and their relevance for safety is adequately handled, if the related requirements are well posed and managed throughout the process from the beginning. The link is represented by standards and their correct application, as a support to analysis, testing and demonstration.

Recently, there has been interest by regulators, the public and the manufacturers of wireless devices in the issues relating to the safety of radio frequency (RF) energy. These issues require an understanding of the scientific underpinnings of both physics of RF energy and cellular biology. This book is designed to provide precisely such cross-functional expertise. The editors of this book intend to provide a reliable source for a sound scientific understanding of the issues and to stimulate future scientific advances in this area. Therefore, the audience for this book includes such diverse groups as scientists, governmental policy-makers and regulatory bodies, representatives of industry and the public at large.

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This book is a collection of chapters linked together by a logical framework aimed at exploring the modern role of the measurement science in both the technically most advanced applications and in everyday life Provides a unique methodological approach to understanding modern measurements Important methods and devices are presented in a synthetic and easy-to-understand way Includes end-of-chapter exercises and solutions