Analog Algorithm

This book is a tool kit to create new forms. It deals with grid-based design and gives the reader techniques to develop new forms, fonts, logos, and patterns. The concept represents a design process in which individual decisions follow much larger and deeper principles than immediate and spontaneous-intuitive actions. Using a wide variety of examples, each chapter contains a detailed description of the procedure from form analysis to setting up design rules and their application. Both a workbook and a source of inspiration, this publication provides designers and architects with the tool they need to find analytical forms analog, algorithm-based, exploratory but never of arbitrary origin. The procedures described allow an almost infinite number of possibilities. The designer is thus transformed from inventor to interpreter or curator, who assesses individual forms for logos, fonts or patterns on the fly and ensures that the design process is always efficient and goal-oriented. AUTHOR: Christoph Grunberger is a German illustrator and designer. He is active in the fields of corporate, interactive and spatial design, with a strong focus on exploring the limits of interaction and desktop applications. Together with Stefan Gandl he is co-author of the book Neubau Modul and collaborated on the exhibition NeubauIsm at gallery MU (Eindhoven/NL) in 2008, which was opened by Wim Crouwel. For the video installation Wutburger, a co-operation with Andreas Lutz, he received the excellence Award in the Art section at the Japan Media Arts Festival in Toyko in 2015. His works as a freelance designer have been awarded nationally and internationally. 55 images

Entropy, mutual information and divergence measure the randomness, dependence and dissimilarity, respectively, of random objects. In addition to their prominent role in information theory, they have found numerous applications, among others, in probability theory statistics, physics, chemistry, molecular biology, ecology, bioinformatics, neuroscience, machine learning, linguistics, and finance. Many of these applications require a universal estimate of information measures which does not assume knowledge of the statistical properties of the observed data. Over the past few decades, several nonparametric algorithms have been proposed to estimate information measures. Universal Estimation of Information Measures for Analog Sources presents a comprehensive survey of universal estimation of information measures for memoryless analog (real-valued or real vector-valued) sources with an emphasis on the estimation of mutual information and divergence and their applications. The book reviews the consistency of the universal algorithms and the corresponding sufficient conditions as well as their speed of convergence. Universal Estimation of Information Measures for Analog Sources provides a comprehensive review of an increasingly important topic in Information Theory. It will be of interest to students, practitioners and researchers working in Information Theory

This work addresses the research and development of an innovative optimization kernel applied to analog integrated circuit (IC) design. Particularly, this works describes the modifications inside the AIDA Framework, an electronic design automation framework fully developed by at the Integrated Circuits Group-LX of the Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon. It focusses on AIDA-CMK, by enhancing AIDA-C, which is the circuit optimizer component of AIDA, with a new multi-objective multi-constraint optimization module that constructs a base for multiple algorithm implementations. The proposed solution implements three approaches to multi-objective multi-constraint optimization, namely, an evolutionary approach with NSGAII, a swarm intelligence approach with MOPSO and stochastic hill climbing approach with MOSA. Moreover, the implemented structure allows the easy hybridization between kernels transforming the previous simple NSGAII optimization module into a more evolved and versatile module supporting multiple single and multi-kernel algorithms. The three multi-objective optimization approaches were validated with CEC2009 benchmarks to constrained multi-objective optimization and tested with real analog IC design problems. The achieved results were compared in terms of performance, using statistical results obtained from multiple independent runs. Finally, some hybrid approaches were also experimented, giving a foretaste to a wide range of opportunities to explore in future work.

Methodology for the Digital Calibration of Analog Circuits and Systems shows how to relax the extreme design constraints in analog circuits, allowing the realization of high-precision systems even with low-performance components. A complete methodology is proposed, and three applications are detailed. To start with, an in-depth analysis of existing compensation techniques for analog circuit imperfections is carried out. The M/2+M sub-binary digital-to-analog converter is thoroughly studied, and the use of this very low-area circuit in conjunction with a successive approximations algorithm for digital compensation is described. A complete methodology based on this compensation circuit and algorithm is then proposed. The detection and correction of analog circuit imperfections is studied, and a simulation tool allowing the transparent simulation of analog circuits with automatic compensation blocks is introduced. The first application shows how the sub-binary M/2+M structure can be employed as a conventional digital-to-analog converter if two calibration and radix conversion algorithms are implemented. The second application, a SOI 1T DRAM, is then presented. A digital algorithm chooses a suitable reference value that compensates several circuit imperfections together, from the sense amplifier offset to the dispersion of the memory read currents. The third application is the calibration of the sensitivity of a current measurement microsystem based on a Hall magnetic field sensor. Using a variant of the chopper modulation, the spinning current technique, combined with a second modulation of a reference signal, the sensitivity of the complete system is continuously measured without interrupting normal operation. A thermal drift lower than 50 ppm/°C is achieved, which is 6 to 10 times less than in state-of-the-art implementations. Furthermore, the calibration technique also compensates drifts due to mechanical stresses and ageing.

VLSI Signal Processing Principles, Practices, and Applications This comprehensive resource shows how very-large-scale integration (VLSI) technology can be effectively deployed in real-world electronics to meet cost, power, function, and reliability requirements. VLSI Analog Circuits: Algorithm, Architecture, Modeling, and Circuit Implementation, Second Edition, is a textbook for advanced electrical engineering courses that shows, step-by-step, how to analyze and solve practical design problems using VLSI. You will get up-to-date discussions on VLSI passive, active-RC, MOS-C, Gm-C, CTI, SC, and SI analog filter circuits. Mixed-mode configurations, VLSI RF signal processing, and circuit tuning techniques are explained in full detail. Coverage includes: • VLSI continuous-time signal processing fundamentals • VLSI active-RC, MOS-C, and VLSI Gm-C circuits • VLSI continuous-time current-mode filters • VLSI discrete-time signal processing systems • VLSI switched-capacitor and switched-current circuits • Frequency-scaling and transformation techniques • Mixed-mode VLSI analog signal processing • Component and ladder simulation-based VLSI design • Practical design aspects of VLSI analog filters • VLSI RF signal processing circuits • Digital-based analog signal processing circuits

Based on the popular Artech House classic, Digital Communication Systems Engineering with Software-Defined Radio, this book provides a practical approach to quickly learning the software-defined radio (SDR) concepts needed for work in the field. This up-to-date volume guides readers on how to quickly prototype wireless designs using SDR for real-world testing and experimentation. This book explores advanced wireless communication techniques such as OFDM, LTE, WLA, and hardware targeting. Readers will gain an understanding of the core concepts behind wireless hardware, such as the radio frequency front-end, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, as well as various processing technologies. Moreover, this volume includes chapters on timing estimation, matched filtering, frame synchronization message decoding, and source coding. The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is explained and details about HDL code generation and deployment are provided. The book concludes with coverage of the WLAN toolbox with OFDM beacon reception and the LTE toolbox with downlink reception. Multiple case studies are provided throughout the book. Both MATLAB and Simulink source code are included to assist readers with their projects in the field.

The story of a neural impulse and what it reveals about how our brains work We see the last cookie in the box and think, can I take that? We reach a hand out. In the 2.1 seconds that this impulse travels through our brain, billions of neurons communicate with one another, sending blips of voltage through our sensory and motor regions. Neuroscientists call these blips “spikes.” Spikes enable us to do everything: talk, eat, run, see, plan, and decide. In The Spike, Mark Humphries takes readers on the epic journey of a spike through a single, brief reaction. In vivid language, Humphries tells the story of what happens in our brain, what we know about spikes, and what we still have left to understand about them. Drawing on decades of research in neuroscience, Humphries explores how spikes are born, how they are transmitted, and how they lead us to action. He dives into previously unanswered mysteries: Why are most neurons silent? What causes neurons to fire spikes spontaneously, without input from other neurons or the outside world? Why do most spikes fail to reach any destination? Humphries presents a new vision of the brain, one where fundamental computations are carried out by spontaneous spikes that predict what will happen in the world, helping us to perceive, decide, and react quickly enough for our survival. Traversing neuroscience’s expansive terrain, The Spike follows a single electrical response to illuminate how our extraordinary brains work.

This book highlights key design issues and challenges to guarantee the development of successful applications of analog circuits. Researchers around the world share acquired experience and insights to develop advances in analog circuit design, modeling and simulation. The key contributions of the sixteen chapters focus on recent advances in analog circuits to accomplish academic or industrial target specifications.