Augmented Images

Common boundaries between the physical reality and rising digital media technologies are fading. The age of hyper-reality becomes an age of hyper-aesthetics. Immersive media and image technologies – like augmented reality – enable a completely novel form of interaction and corporeal relation to and with the virtual image structures and the different screen technologies. »Augmented Images« contributes to the wide range of the hyper-aesthetic image discourse to connect the concept of dynamic augmented images with the approaches in modern media theory, philosophy, perceptual theory, aesthetics, computer graphics and art theory as well as the complex range of image science. This volume monitors and discusses the relation of images and technological evolution in the context of augmented reality within the perspective of an autonomous image science.

This double volume set LNCS 14393-14394 constitutes the proceedings from the workshops held at the 26th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2023 Workshops, which took place in Vancouver, BC, Canada, in October 2023. The 54 full papers together with 14 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 123 submissions from all workshops. The papers of the workshops are presenting the topical sections: Eighth International Skin Imaging Collaboration Workshop (ISIC 2023) First Clinically-Oriented and Responsible AI for Medical Data Analysis (Care-AI 2023) Workshop First International Workshop on Foundation Models for Medical Artificial General Intelligence (MedAGI 2023) Fourth Workshop on Distributed, Collaborative and Federated Learning (DeCaF 2023) First MICCAI Workshop on Time-Series Data Analytics and Learning First MICCAI Workshop on Lesion Evaluation and Assessment with Follow-Up (LEAF) AI For Treatment Response Assessment and predicTion Workshop (AI4Treat 2023) Fourth International Workshop on Multiscale Multimodal Medical Imaging (MMMI 2023) Second International Workshop on Resource-Effcient Medical Multimodal Medical Imaging Image Analysis (REMIA 2023)

In this book, you will learn how to use TensorFlow, Keras, Scikit-Learn, OpenCV, Pandas, NumPy and other libraries to implement deep learning on recognizing traffic signs using GTSRB dataset, detecting brain tumor using Brain Image MRI dataset, classifying gender, and recognizing facial expression using FER2013 dataset In Chapter 1, you will learn to create GUI applications to display image histogram. It is a graphical representation that displays the distribution of pixel intensities in an image. It provides information about the frequency of occurrence of each intensity level in the image. The histogram allows us to understand the overall brightness or contrast of the image and can reveal important characteristics such as dynamic range, exposure, and the presence of certain image features. In Chapter 2, you will learn how to use TensorFlow, Keras, Scikit-Learn, Pandas, NumPy and other libraries to perform prediction on handwritten digits using MNIST dataset. The MNIST dataset is a widely used dataset in machine learning and computer vision, particularly for image classification tasks. It consists of a collection of handwritten digits from zero to nine, where each digit is represented as a 28x28 grayscale image. The dataset was created by collecting handwriting samples from various individuals and then preprocessing them to standardize the format. Each image in the dataset represents a single digit and is labeled with the corresponding digit it represents. The labels range from 0 to 9, indicating the true value of the handwritten digit. In Chapter 3, you will learn how to perform recognizing traffic signs using GTSRB dataset from Kaggle. There are several different types of traffic signs like speed limits, no entry, traffic signals, turn left or right, children crossing, no passing of heavy vehicles, etc. Traffic signs classification is the process of identifying which class a traffic sign belongs to. In this Python project, you will build a deep neural network model that can classify traffic signs in image into different categories. With this model, you will be able to read and understand traffic signs which are a very important task for all autonomous vehicles. You will build a GUI application for this purpose. In Chapter 4, you will learn how to perform detecting brain tumor using Brain Image MRI dataset. Following are the steps taken in this chapter: Dataset Exploration: Explore the Brain Image MRI dataset from Kaggle. Describe the structure of the dataset, the different classes (tumor vs. non-tumor), and any preprocessing steps required; Data Preprocessing: Preprocess the dataset to prepare it for model training. This may include tasks such as resizing images, normalizing pixel values, splitting data into training and testing sets, and creating labels; Model Building: Use TensorFlow and Keras to build a deep learning model for brain tumor detection. Choose an appropriate architecture, such as a convolutional neural network (CNN), and configure the model layers; Model Training: Train the brain tumor detection model using the preprocessed dataset. Specify the loss function, optimizer, and evaluation metrics. Monitor the training process and visualize the training/validation accuracy and loss over epochs; Model Evaluation: Evaluate the trained model on the testing dataset. Calculate metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score to assess the model's performance; Prediction and Visualization: Use the trained model to make predictions on new MRI images. Visualize the predicted results alongside the ground truth labels to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model. Finally, you will build a GUI application for this purpose. In Chapter 5, you will learn how to perform classifying gender using dataset provided by Kaggle using MobileNetV2 and CNN models. Following are the steps taken in this chapter: Data Exploration: Load the dataset using Pandas, perform exploratory data analysis (EDA) to gain insights into the data, and visualize the distribution of gender classes; Data Preprocessing: Preprocess the dataset by performing necessary transformations, such as resizing images, converting labels to numerical format, and splitting the data into training, validation, and test sets; Model Building: Use TensorFlow and Keras to build a gender classification model. Define the architecture of the model, compile it with appropriate loss and optimization functions, and summarize the model's structure; Model Training: Train the model on the training set, monitor its performance on the validation set, and tune hyperparameters if necessary. Visualize the training history to analyze the model's learning progress; Model Evaluation: Evaluate the trained model's performance on the test set using various metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. Generate a classification report and a confusion matrix to assess the model's performance in detail; Prediction and Visualization: Use the trained model to make gender predictions on new, unseen data. Visualize a few sample predictions along with the corresponding images. Finally, you will build a GUI application for this purpose. In Chapter 6, you will learn how to perform recognizing facial expression using FER2013 dataset using CNN model. The FER2013 dataset contains facial images categorized into seven different emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, and neutral. To perform facial expression recognition using this dataset, you would typically follow these steps; Data Preprocessing: Load and preprocess the dataset. This may involve resizing the images, converting them to grayscale, and normalizing the pixel values; Data Split: Split the dataset into training, validation, and testing sets. The training set is used to train the model, the validation set is used to tune hyperparameters and evaluate the model's performance during training, and the testing set is used to assess the final model's accuracy; Model Building: Build a deep learning model using TensorFlow and Keras. This typically involves defining the architecture of the model, selecting appropriate layers (such as convolutional layers, pooling layers, and fully connected layers), and specifying the activation functions and loss functions; Model Training: Train the model using the training set. This involves feeding the training images through the model, calculating the loss, and updating the model's parameters using optimization techniques like backpropagation and gradient descent; Model Evaluation: Evaluate the trained model's performance using the validation set. This can include calculating metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score to assess how well the model is performing; Model Testing: Assess the model's accuracy and performance on the testing set, which contains unseen data. This step helps determine how well the model generalizes to new, unseen facial expressions; Prediction: Use the trained model to make predictions on new images or live video streams. This involves detecting faces in the images using OpenCV, extracting facial features, and feeding the processed images into the model for prediction. Then, you will also build a GUI application for this purpose.

The eight-volume set LNCS 13431, 13432, 13433, 13434, 13435, 13436, 13437, and 13438 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2022, which was held in Singapore in September 2022. The 574 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 1831 submissions in a double-blind review process. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: Part I: Brain development and atlases; DWI and tractography; functional brain networks; neuroimaging; heart and lung imaging; dermatology; Part II: Computational (integrative) pathology; computational anatomy and physiology; ophthalmology; fetal imaging; Part III: Breast imaging; colonoscopy; computer aided diagnosis; Part IV: Microscopic image analysis; positron emission tomography; ultrasound imaging; video data analysis; image segmentation I; Part V: Image segmentation II; integration of imaging with non-imaging biomarkers; Part VI: Image registration; image reconstruction; Part VII: Image-Guided interventions and surgery; outcome and disease prediction; surgical data science; surgical planning and simulation; machine learning – domain adaptation and generalization; Part VIII: Machine learning – weakly-supervised learning; machine learning – model interpretation; machine learning – uncertainty; machine learning theory and methodologies.

This two-volume set (LNCS 13885-13886) constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 23rd Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis, SCIA 2023, held in Lapland, Finland, in April 2023. The 67 revised papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 108 submissions. The contributions are structured in topical sections on datasets and evaluation; action and behaviour recognition; image and video processing, analysis, and understanding; detection, recognition, classification, and localization in 2D and/or 3D; machine learning and deep learning; segmentation, grouping, and shape; vision for robotics and autonomous vehicles; biometrics, faces, body gestures and pose; 3D vision from multiview and other sensors; vision applications and systems.

Augmented reality (AR) is transforming how we work, learn, play and connect with the world, and is now being introduced to the field of medicine, where it is revolutionising healthcare as pioneering virtual elements are being added to real images to provide a more compelling and intuitive view during procedures. This book, which had its beginnings at the AE-CAI: Augmented Environments for Computer-Assisted Interventions MICCAI Workshop in Munich in 2015, is the first to review the area of mixed and augmented reality in medicine. Covering a range of examples of the use of AR in medicine, it explores its relevance to minimally-invasive interventions, how it can improve the accuracy of a procedure and reduce procedure time, and how it may be employed to reduce radiation risks. It also discusses how AR can be an effective tool in the education of physicians, medical students, nurses and other health professionals. Features: An ideal practical guide for medical professionals and students looking to understand the implementation, applications, and future of AR Contains the latest developments and technologies in this innovative field Edited by highly respected pioneers in the field, who have been immersed in AR as well as virtual reality and image-guided surgery since their inception, with chapter contributions from subject area specialists working with AR

This book constitutes three challenges that were held in conjunction with the 24th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, MICCAI 2021, which was planned to take place in Strasbourg, France but changed to an online event due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The peer-reviewed 18 long and 9 short papers included in this volume stem from the following three biomedical image analysis challenges: Mitosis Domain Generalization Challenge (MIDOG 2021), Medical Out-of-Distribution Analysis Challenge (MOOD 2021), and Learn2Reg (L2R 2021). The challenges share the need for developing and fairly evaluating algorithms that increase accuracy, reproducibility and efficiency of automated image analysis in clinically relevant applications.

In this book, implement deep learning on detecting face mask, classifying weather, and recognizing flower using TensorFlow, Keras, Scikit-Learn, OpenCV, Pandas, NumPy and other libraries. In chapter 1, you will learn how to use TensorFlow, Keras, Scikit-Learn, OpenCV, Pandas, NumPy and other libraries to perform detecting face mask using Face Mask Detection Dataset provided by Kaggle (https://www.kaggle.com/omkargurav/face-mask-dataset/download). Here's an overview of the steps involved in detecting face masks using the Face Mask Detection Dataset: Import the necessary libraries: Import the required libraries like TensorFlow, Keras, Scikit-Learn, OpenCV, Pandas, and NumPy.; Load and preprocess the dataset: Load the dataset and perform any necessary preprocessing steps, such as resizing images and converting labels into numeric representations.; Split the dataset: Split the dataset into training and testing sets using the train_test_split function from Scikit-Learn. This will allow us to evaluate the model's performance on unseen data.; Data augmentation (optional): Apply data augmentation techniques to artificially increase the size and diversity of the training set. Techniques like rotation, zooming, and flipping can help improve the model's generalization.; Build the model: Create a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model using TensorFlow and Keras. Design the architecture of the model, including the number and type of layers.; Compile the model: Compile the model by specifying the loss function, optimizer, and evaluation metrics. This prepares the model for training. Train the model: Train the model on the training dataset. Adjust the hyperparameters, such as the learning rate and number of epochs, to achieve optimal performance.; Evaluate the model: Evaluate the trained model on the testing dataset to assess its performance. Calculate metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score.; Make predictions: Use the trained model to make predictions on new images or video streams. Apply the face mask detection algorithm to identify whether a person is wearing a mask or not.; Visualize the results: Visualize the predictions by overlaying bounding boxes or markers on the images or video frames to indicate the presence or absence of face masks. In chapter 2, you will learn how to use TensorFlow, Keras, Scikit-Learn, OpenCV, Pandas, NumPy and other libraries to perform how to classify weather using Multi-class Weather Dataset provided by Kaggle (https://www.kaggle.com/pratik2901/multiclass-weather-dataset/download). To classify weather using the Multi-class Weather Dataset from Kaggle, you can follow these general steps: Load the dataset: Use libraries like Pandas or NumPy to load the dataset into memory. Explore the dataset to understand its structure and the available features.; Preprocess the data: Perform necessary preprocessing steps such as data cleaning, handling missing values, and feature engineering. This may include resizing images (if the dataset contains images) or encoding categorical variables.; Split the data: Split the dataset into training and testing sets. The training set will be used to train the model, and the testing set will be used for evaluating its performance.; Build a model: Utilize TensorFlow and Keras to define a suitable model architecture for weather classification. The choice of model depends on the type of data you have. For image data, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) often work well.; Train the model: Train the model using the training data. Use appropriate training techniques like gradient descent and backpropagation to optimize the model's weights.; Evaluate the model: Evaluate the trained model's performance using the testing data. Calculate metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, or F1-score to assess how well the model performs.; Fine-tune the model: If the model's performance is not satisfactory, you can experiment with different hyperparameters, architectures, or regularization techniques to improve its performance. This process is called model tuning.; Make predictions: Once you are satisfied with the model's performance, you can use it to make predictions on new, unseen data. Provide the necessary input (e.g., an image or weather features) to the trained model, and it will predict the corresponding weather class. In chapter 3, you will learn how to use TensorFlow, Keras, Scikit-Learn, OpenCV, Pandas, NumPy and other libraries to perform how to recognize flower using Flowers Recognition dataset provided by Kaggle (https://www.kaggle.com/alxmamaev/flowers-recognition/download). Here are the general steps involved in recognizing flowers: Data Preparation: Download the Flowers Recognition dataset from Kaggle and extract the contents. Import the required libraries and define the dataset path and image dimensions.; Loading and Preprocessing the Data: Load the images and their corresponding labels from the dataset. Resize the images to a specific dimension. Perform label encoding on the flower labels and split the data into training and testing sets. Normalize the pixel values of the images.; Building the Model: Define the architecture of your model using TensorFlow's Keras API. You can choose from various neural network architectures such as CNNs, ResNet, or InceptionNet. The model architecture should be designed to handle image inputs and output the predicted flower class..; Compiling and Training the Model: Compile the model by specifying the loss function, optimizer, and evaluation metrics. Common choices include categorical cross-entropy loss and the Adam optimizer. Train the model using the training set and validate it using the testing set. Adjust the hyperparameters, such as the learning rate and number of epochs, to improve performance.; Model Evaluation: Evaluate the trained model on the testing set to measure its performance. Calculate metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score to assess how well the model is recognizing flower classes.; Prediction: Use the trained model to predict the flower class for new images. Load and preprocess the new images in a similar way to the training data. Pass the preprocessed images through the trained model and obtain the predicted flower class labels.; Further Improvements: If the model's performance is not satisfactory, consider experimenting with different architectures, hyperparameters, or techniques such as data augmentation or transfer learning. Fine-tuning the model or using ensembles of models can also improve accuracy.