Calcium Carbonate

I. G OLOGY OF CALCIUM CARBO ATE 1 by Jacques Geyssant 1. Features and characteristics of calcium carbonate 2 1. 1 Calcium carbonate - a special compound 2 1. 2 The crystal forms of calcium carbonate - mineralogy 9 2. The limestones - development and classification 15 2. 1 Sedimentation 16 2. 2 Diagenesis - from sediment to rock 23 2. 3 Classification of the limestones 24 2. 4 Metamorphism - from limestone to marble 26 2. 5 Carbonatites - extraordinary limestones 29 3. Limestone deposits 31 3. 1 Recognition of limestones 31 3. 2 Distribution on the Earth's surface 33 3. 3 Limestone deposits in the geological ages 36 3. 4 CaC0 cycle 42 3 3. 5 Industrially exploitable CaC0 deposits 3 44 53 II. TH C LT RAt HI TORY F LIME TONE by Johannes Rohleder 1. The history of chalk 55 2. Marble and limestone 69 2. 1 Quarrying stones 70 2. 2 Transport, organisation and trade 80 2. 3 The uses 97 137 III. CALCI M CARBOl\ATE - A MODER RESOURCE 1. The beginnings: Calcium carbonate in glazing putty and rubber 138 by Johannes Rohleder 1. 1 A chalk industry is born 139 1. 2 Rubber and glazing putty 142 1. 3 From chalk to calcium carbonate 156 2. Calcium carbonate - pigment and filler 160 by Eberhard Huwald 2. 1 Properties and effects of a filler 164 2. 2 Chalk, limestone, marble, pec - common features and differences 165 2. 2.

Calcium carbonate is one of the most abundant materials present in nature. In this book, the characterization of surface properties of calcium carbonate are reviewed, particularly, the Washburn method is described in detail. The effect of natural and synthetic macromolecules on the structure of calcium carbonate is described as well. The third chapter highlights the general criteria for the application of vaterite (an artificially prepared compound, which has the least thermodynamic stability among the three crystalline polymorphs of calcium carbonate) for biomedical applications and the science of its structural modification towards achieving tunable solubility. The final chapter examines the porous calcium carbonate cores as templates for preparation of peroral proteins delivery systems and the influence of ionic composition of intestinal medium on the structure and morphology of carbonate cores and release profiles of model and therapeutic proteins.

Home-Prepared Dog and Cat Diets, Second Edition provides an introduction to nutrition of the healthy dog and cat and an extensive discussion of medical disorders that can be managed in part through diet. Presenting easy-to-follow recipes that can be prepared at home, this new edition of Donald Strombeck’s classic handbook has been completely rewritten by new author Patricia A. Schenck to reflect the latest nutritional recommendations based on current research. New chapter topics include feeding the puppy and kitten; feeding the pregnant or lactating dog or cat; feeding the senior pet; feeding the performance dog; and the role of diet in pets with cancer. Diets are now listed together in a cookbook style for ease of use, and recipes are adjustable for any size dog or cat, allowing exact nutritional values to be calculated. Nutrient content for protein, fat, carbohydrate, and fiber have been provided for every diet, along with the nutrient density. A companion website features downloadable spreadsheets with complete nutritional breakdowns for each recipe. Useful for both veterinarians and pet owners alike, Home-Prepared Dog and Cat Diets, Second Edition is a unique handbook written by an expert in the field providing an introduction to the nutritional management of dogs and cats with easy-to-use recipes for home-prepared diets. Clarification: Calcium Carbonate We’ve had some questions from readers regarding the use of the term “calcium carbonate,” which is listed as an ingredient in a number of the diets found in this book, and therefore wanted to clarify what is meant by this ingredient. Baking soda comes in two forms: sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate. The sodium bicarbonate version is widely available as “baking soda” and is commonly used in baking, but none of the recipes in this book use it as an ingredient. The calcium carbonate version of baking soda is sometimes sold as “baking soda substitute” and sometimes referred to as simply “baking soda.” To avoid confusing sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate, any time the calcium carbonate type of baking soda has been used in a diet in this book, the ingredient includes the specific term “calcium carbonate.” There are several manufacturers of calcium carbonate baking soda; for example, Amazon carries the Ener-G Foods product baking soda substitute. Calcium carbonate can also be sold for garden use, which is non-food-grade, so to avoid the use of the garden product in foods, the term “baking soda” was used in this book instead to indicate that readers should be sure to select a food-appropriate ingredient.

Volume 11 of Reviews in Mineralogy attempts to synthesize our present understanding of certain aspects of the mineralogy and chemistry of the rock-forming carbonates. This review follows, by ten years, a major assessment of (sedimentary) carbonate minerals by Lippmann (1973). There is only minor overlap of subject material, and I hope that this difference reflects fairly how this field has developed. In this volume, some of the papers are general (i.e., those addressing crystal chemistry and phase relations), and they provide overviews of a fundamental nature and are of interest to many. Others are more specialized in coverage and generally reflect the different approaches used in carbonate geochemistry. The final chapter introduces transmission electron microscopy, a relatively new and powerful technique for mineralogical research that has great potential in carbonate research.

This book contains seven selected chapters on the chemistry of calcium carbonate. Chapter One is an overview of the production and unique properties of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). Chapter Two explores the potential for increasing the efficiency of doxorubicin delivery systems by means of transforming porous calcium carbonate vaterites into calcium phosphate structures. Chapters Three, Four, and Five each characterize calcium carbonate by different analytical methods. Chapter Three utilizes the X-ray fluorescence method, Chapter Four utilizes energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Chapter Five utilizes atomic force microscopy (AFM). Chapter Six is a mobile elements analysis of calcium carbonate by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization. Finally, Chapter Seven is a characterization of calcium carbonate's mineral crystal structure using X-ray diffraction (XRD).

I. G OLOGY OF CALCIUM CARBO ATE 1 by Jacques Geyssant 1. Features and characteristics of calcium carbonate 2 1. 1 Calcium carbonate - a special compound 2 1. 2 The crystal forms of calcium carbonate - mineralogy 9 2. The limestones - development and classification 15 2. 1 Sedimentation 16 2. 2 Diagenesis - from sediment to rock 23 2. 3 Classification of the limestones 24 2. 4 Metamorphism - from limestone to marble 26 2. 5 Carbonatites - extraordinary limestones 29 3. Limestone deposits 31 3. 1 Recognition of limestones 31 3. 2 Distribution on the Earth's surface 33 3. 3 Limestone deposits in the geological ages 36 3. 4 CaC0 cycle 42 3 3. 5 Industrially exploitable CaC0 deposits 3 44 53 II. TH C LT RAt HI TORY F LIME TONE by Johannes Rohleder 1. The history of chalk 55 2. Marble and limestone 69 2. 1 Quarrying stones 70 2. 2 Transport, organisation and trade 80 2. 3 The uses 97 137 III. CALCI M CARBOl\ATE - A MODER RESOURCE 1. The beginnings: Calcium carbonate in glazing putty and rubber 138 by Johannes Rohleder 1. 1 A chalk industry is born 139 1. 2 Rubber and glazing putty 142 1. 3 From chalk to calcium carbonate 156 2. Calcium carbonate - pigment and filler 160 by Eberhard Huwald 2. 1 Properties and effects of a filler 164 2. 2 Chalk, limestone, marble, pec - common features and differences 165 2. 2.