Charged Particle Traps

Over the last quarter of this century, revolutionary advances have been made both in kind and in precision in the application of particle traps to the study of thephysics of charged particles, leading to intensi?ed interest in, and wide proliferation of, this topic. This book is intended as a timely addition to the literature, providing a systematic uni?ed treatment of the subject, from the point of view of the application of these devices to fundamental atomic and particle physics. Thetechniqueofusingelectromagnetic?eldstocon?neandisolateatomic particles in vacuo, rather than by material walls of a container, was initially conceivedbyW.Paulintheformofa3Dversionoftheoriginalrfquadrupole mass ?lter, for which he shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in physics [1], whereas H.G. Dehmelt who also shared the 1989 Nobel Prize [2] saw these devices (including the Penning trap) as a way of isolating electrons and ions, for the purposes of high resolution spectroscopy. These two broad areas of appli- tion have developed more or less independently, each attaining a remarkable degree of sophistication and generating widespread interest and experimental activity.

This second volume of the Charged Particle Traps deals with the rapidly expanding body of research exploiting the electromagnetic con?nement of ions, whose principles and techniques were the subject of volume I. These applications include revolutionary advances in diverse ?elds, ranging from such practical ?elds as mass spectrometry, to the establishment of an ult- stable standard of frequency and the emergent ?eld of quantum computing made possible by the observation of the quantum behavior of laser-cooled con?nedions. Bothexperimentalandtheoreticalactivity intheseapplications has proliferated widely, and the number of diverse articles in the literature on its many facets has reached the point where it is useful to distill and organize the published work in a uni?ed volume that de?nes the current status of the ?eld. As explained in volume I, the technique of con?ning charged particles in suitable electromagnetic ?elds was initially conceived by W. Paul as a thr- dimensional version of his rf quadrupole mass ?lter. Its ?rst application to rf spectroscopy on atomic ions was completed in H. G. Dehmelt’s laboratory where notable work was later done on the free electron using the Penning trap. The further exploitation of these devices has followed more or less - dependently along the two initial broad areas: mass spectrometry and high resolution spectroscopy. In volume I a detailed account is given of the theory of operation and experimental techniques of the various forms of Paul and Penning ion traps.

This book provides an introduction and guide to modern advances in charged particle (and antiparticle) confinement by electromagnetic fields. Confinement in different trap geometries, the influence of trap imperfections, classical and quantum mechanical description of the trapped particle motion, different methods of ion cooling to low temperatures, and non-neutral plasma properties (including Coulomb crystals) are the main subjects. They form the basis of such applications of charged particle traps as high-resolution optical and microwave spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, atomic clocks, and, potentially, quantum computing.

At Les Houches in January 2015, experts in the field of charged particle trapping came together for the Second Winter School on Physics with Trapped Charged Particles. This textbook collates the lectures delivered there, covering the fundamental physics of particle traps and the different types of applications of these devices. Taken as a whole, the book gives an overview of why traps for charged particles are important, how they work, their special features and limitations, and their application in areas such as precision measurements, mass spectrometry, optical clocks, plasma physics, antihydrogen creation, quantum simulation and quantum information processing. Chapters from various world experts include those on the basic properties of Penning traps and RF traps, as well as those covering important practical aspects such as vacuum systems, detection techniques, and different types of particle cooling, including laser cooling. Each individual chapter provides information and guidance on the application of the above methods. Additionally, each chapter is complemented by fully worked problems and solutions, making Trapped Charged Particles perfect for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students new to this topic. Contents:Penning TrapsRadiofrequency TrapsThe Guiding Center ApproximationToroidal SystemsUltrahigh Vacuum for Trapped IonsLaser Cooling Techniques Applicable to Trapped IonsNon-Laser Cooling TechniquesNumerical Simulations of Ion Cloud DynamicsPlasmas in Penning TrapsPlasma ModesRotating Wall Technique and Centrifugal SeparationCorrelations in Trapped PlasmaAutoresonanceAntihydrogen PhysicsIon Coulomb Crystals and Their ApplicationsCold Molecular Ions in TrapsPrecise Tests of Fundamental Symmetries with Trapped IonsTrapped-Ion Optical Frequency Standards Readership: Advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students studying the field of trapped charged particles.

The development of ion traps has spurred significant experimental activities able to link measurable quantities to the most fundamental aspects of physics. The first chapter sets the scene and motivates the use of ion traps with an in-depth survey of the low-energy electroweak sector of the standard model amenable to precision test. The next parts then introduce and review aspects of the theory, simulation and experimental implementation of such traps. Last but not least, two important applications, namely high resolution mass spectrometry in Penning traps and tests of fundamental physics - such as the CPT theorem - with trapped antiprotons are discussed. This volume bridges the gap between the graduate textbook and the research literature and will assist graduate students and newcomers to the field in quickly entering and mastering the subject matter.

This book is a collection of articles on Physics with Trapped Charged Particles by speakers at the Les Houches Winter School. The articles cover all types of physics with charged particles, and are aimed at introducing the basic issues at hand, as well as the latest developments in the field. It is appropriate for PhD students and early career researchers, or interested parties new to the area. Contents:Physics with Trapped Charged Particles (M Knoop, N Madsen and R C Thompson)Detection Techniques for Trapped Ions (M Knoop)Cooling Techniques for Trapped Ions (D M Segal and Ch Wunderlich)Accumulation, Storage and Manipulation of Large Numbers of Positrons in Traps I — The Basics (C M Surko)Accumulation, Storage and Manipulation of Large Numbers of Positrons in Traps II — Selected Topics (C M Surko, J R Danielson and T R Weber)Waves in Non-neutral Plasma (F Anderegg)Internal Transport in Non-neutral Plasma (F Anderegg)Antihydrogen Formation and Trapping (N Madsen)Quantum Information Processing with Trapped Ions (C F Roos)Optical Atomic Clocks in Ion Traps (H S Margolis)Novel Penning Traps (J Verdú)Trapped Electrons as Electrical (Quantum) Circuits (J Verdú) Readership: University and college students undertaking mechanical, aerospace, electromechanical, engineering or applied mechanics programs. Key Features:Gives a basic overview of this new, vibrant area of researchGives a good introduction to the key issues in physics of this fieldContains contributions from researchers at the forefront of the fieldKeywords:Charged Particles;Particle Traps;Non-Neutral Plasma;Quantum Information;Penning Trap;Paul Trap;Rotating Wall;Laser Cooling;RF Trap;Atomic Clock

This volume provides detailed insight into the field of precision spectroscopy and fundamental physics with particles confined in traps. It comprises experiments with electrons and positrons, protons and antiprotons, antimatter and highly charged ions together with corresponding theoretical background. Such investigations represent stringent tests of quantum electrodynamics and the Standard model, antiparticle and antimatter research, test of fundamental symmetries, constants and their possible variations with time and space. They are key to various aspects within metrology such as mass measurements and time standards, as well as promising to further developments in quantum information processing. The reader obtains a valuable source of information suited for beginners and experts with an interest in fundamental studies using particle traps.