Chemical Abundances And Mixing In Stars In The Milky Way And Its Satellites

This proceedings covers topics from chemical abundances in the different components of the Milky Way and in local group galaxies, via observational and theoretical papers on mixing in stars to big bang nucleosynthesis and galaxy formation and evolution. Like all volumes in the series ESO Astrophysics Symposia, this one gives a comprehensive overview of the forefront of research in this subject. It is a valuable reference for both students and researchers.

Proceedings of IAU S228 detailing progress in our knowledge of element production and evolution.

Session I : Primordial nucleosynthesis and the first stars in the Universe -- Session II : First stars in the Galaxy -- Session III : Chemical abundances in the high red-shift Universe -- Session IV : Chemical abundance constraints on mass assembly and star formation in local galaxies and the Milky Way -- Session V : Extrasolar planets: the chemical abundance connection -- Session VI : Abundance surveys and projects in the era of future large telescopes.

Recently, improved observational capabilities have allowed the study of fainter and fainter extra-galactic planetary nebulae in galaxies well beyond the Milky Way. This book result from a workshop held at ESO headquarters in Garching in 2004, the first devoted to Extra-galactic Planetary Nebulae. A wide range of topics is covered, from stellar and nebular astrophysics to galactic dynamics and galaxy clusters, making this a reference of broad astrophysical interest.

The paradigm of a dark energy- and dark matter-dominated Universe, with the hierarchical merger scenario for the formation of galaxies, has scored impressive successes in matching the observed Universe. However, the theory fails to explain the difficulty in generating ordinary disk galaxies such as the Milky Way, suggesting that some important physics must be missing in current models. IAU Symposium 254 was organized to address this question, gathering researchers from an unusually broad range of fields, from cosmology to interstellar matter, and the formation and evolution of stars. High-class reviews, lectures and posters combine to define the frontiers in the field and point the way to new avenues of research. This volume presents a unique set of succinct overviews illuminating the full range of topics in this very active field. It also honors Danish astrophysicist Bengt Strömgren (1908-1987), who laid much of the foundation for this entire field.

This volume presents results from the ESO workshop Multiple Stars across the H-R Diagram, held in Garching in July 2005. It covers observations of multiple stars from ground and space, dynamical and stellar evolution in multiple systems, formation and early evolution of multiple stars, and special components of multiple stars. The book reviews the current state of observational and theoretical knowledge and discusses future studies for further progress in the field.

The latest observation of hundreds of exoplanets and the discovery of supermassive black hole at the center of many galaxies set the foundation for the theory presented in this book. The theory suggest that the sun and stars energy source is not from fusion, but instead from magnetic fields spreads in the galaxy by the supermassive black hole at the center of every galaxy. This idea changes every aspect of astronomy and cosmology. The big bang is no longer necessary to explain the source of the mass in the universe and the expansion of the universe. According to this theory the matter in the universe is created in the cores of stars by conversion of energy to mass. The expansion of the universe is induced by the rapid formation of new galaxies. Stars grow slowly and gradually over tens of billion of years by conversion of energy to mass. The gradual growth of stars and the planet search programs that found hundreds of nearby planets indicate that stars are born from planets. This invalidates the solar nebula hypothesis as the source of the stars and the solar system. Stars fluctuate from a main sequence state to a red giant state. They stay in the main sequence when they receive strong magnetic fields and they turn into a red giant when the magnetic fields are weakened. The sun also fluctuated from a main sequence to a red giant. When the sun was a red giant it had strong solar wind that supplied the material to created the planets. The solar system contains hard evidence that the sun was a red giant, those are short lived isotopes and chondrules. The fact that there is hard evidenced to a red giant sun confirm this theory. Highlights of this theory include the following: 1. The sun energy source is from magnetic fields from the galactic center. 2. The heat induced by the magnetic fields leads to high energy collision between particle in the sun core that creates new particle and increase the sun mass. 3. All the stars in the galaxy create new mass so the total mass and the size of the galaxy is increasing. 4. The stars in the galaxy eject dust that freefall to the galactic center supermassive black hole. Thorough the dynamo effect the gravitational potential energy of the debris and dust is converted to magnetic fields. 5. As the galaxy mass and size increase, globular clusters are detached form the main galaxy to create new galaxies. 6. Galaxies spawn new galaxies and the total number of galaxies in the universe increase. 7. The universe expands and accelerates from the increase in the number of the galaxies. 8. The Big Bang cosmological model is replaced by a new cosmological model that resembles the steady state theory. 9. Stars grow gradually from conversion of energy to mass. 10.Stars are born from planets, they first grow by accretion and then by conversion of energy to mass. 11.Stars fluctuate from main sequence to a red giant. When the magnetic fields are strong the star is in the main sequence, when the magnetic fields are weakened the star turn to a red giant. 12.The sun was a red giant 4.6 billions years ago. 13.The planets were created from the strong solar wind of the red giant sun.

On May 18-21, 2004, the Max-Planck-Society’s Harnack-Haus in Dahlem, Berlin hosted the international symposium "Exploring the Cosmic Frontier: Astrophysical Instruments for the 21st Century". The symposium was dedicated to exploring the complementarity and synergies between different branches of astrophysical research, by presenting and discussing the fundamental scientific problems that will be addressed in the next few decades.