Christ In Russia

Vladimir Nabokov complained about the number of Dostoevsky's characters "sinning their way to Jesus." In truth, Christ is an elusive figure not only in Dostoevsky's novels, but in Russian literature as a whole. The rise of the historical critical method of biblical criticism in the nineteenth century and the growth of secularism it stimulated made an earnest affirmation of Jesus in literature highly problematic. If they affirmed Jesus too directly, writers paradoxically risked diminishing him, either by deploying faith explanations that no longer persuade in an age of skepticism or by reducing Christ to a mere argument in an ideological dispute. The writers at the heart of this study understood that to reimage Christ for their age, they had to make him known through indirect, even negative ways, lest what they say about him be mistaken for cliché, doctrine, or naïve apologetics. The Christology of Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Boris Pasternak is thus apophatic because they deploy negative formulations (saying what God is not) in their writings about Jesus. Professions of atheism in Dostoevsky and Tolstoy's non-divine Jesus are but separate negative paths toward truer discernment of Christ. This first study in English of the image of Christ in Russian literature highlights the importance of apophaticism as a theological practice and a literary method in understanding the Russian Christ. It also emphasizes the importance of skepticism in Russian literary attitudes toward Jesus on the part of writers whose private crucibles of doubt produced some of the most provocative and enduring images of Christ in world literature. This important study will appeal to scholars and students of Orthodox Christianity and Russian literature, as well as educated general readers interested in religion and nineteenth-century Russian novels.

“Is all of Russia not in her church?” asked the great essayist, Rosanov. The question is likely to surprise many American Christians tempted, in spite of themselves, to believe a purely political propaganda. Russia—The Enemy—is both the historical Christian reality and the present hope. In a book of profound contemporary significance, the author has presented both a scholarly and moving history of the Church of Christ in Russia, from its beginnings to the present day, and a deeply sympathetic description of the Russian Church’s Tradition and Life. The author is herself a Russian, a scholar, and a convert from the Orthodox Church in which she was raised. She writes with simplicity and with loving familiarity of things she has not only studied but lived with her heart.

The present collection of studies by Andrzej Poppe in many ways represents a continuation of the research brought together a quarter century ago in the author's previous Variorum volume. The focal themes are the political circumstances of the 'baptism of Russia' and the processes by which Rus' became a Christian country, an era marked by the emergence of indigenous saints in royal and monastic garb. Relations with the Byzantine world, both political and ecclesiastical, are often to the fore, but as Poppe shows, those with the West, from the Carolingians onwards, were important too. Many of the articles are provided with additional notes, and the volume includes three pieces previously unpublished in English, including an introductory survey of the Rurikid dynasty, and a major new study of the process by which Vladimir the Great became a saint.

I Found God in Soviet Russia, first published in 1959, is a profoundly moving account of author John Noble's religious epiphany while confined in a brutal Soviet prison following World War II. The book also recounts Noble's harrowing survival of the massive Allied fire-bombing of Dresden, where he and his family took shelter in the cellar of their home (which was partially destroyed during the raid). Following World War II, Noble, along with his father, were arrested in East Germany and held in several prison camps in Germany including the infamous Nazi-era Buchenwald. Noble is eventually transferred to Vorkuta in far northern Russia where he works in a coal mine. Sustained by his faith and devotion to God, Noble recounts his experiences, stories of his captors and fellow inmates, and the deep faith shown by many of the other prisoners. Of special note is a chapter devoted to three nuns who, as punishment for refusing to work, were placed outdoors in sub-zero weather in only lightweight-clothing. Miraculously, the nuns came through the ordeal without frostbite and were thereafter excused from work details. Following an imprisonment of nearly 10 years, Noble was eventually released to the West, and would go on to lecture about his experiences for the remainder of his life. I Found God in Soviet Russia complements the author's other book entitled I Was a Slave in Russia, which details the day-to-day life in the Soviet gulag.