Coast Review 1911

Thorough examination of the antebellum fortifications that formed the backbone of U.S. military defense during the National Period The system of coastal defenses built by the federal government after the War of 1812 was more than a series of forts standing guard over a watery frontier. It was an integrated and comprehensive plan of national defense developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers, and it represented the nation’s first peacetime defense policy. Known as the Third System since it replaced two earlier attempts, it included coastal fortifications but also denoted the values of the society that created it. The governing defense policy was one that combined permanent fortifications to defend seaports, a national militia system, and a small regular army. The Third System remained the defense paradigm in the United States from 1816 to 1861, when the onset of the Civil War changed the standard. In addition to providing the country with military security, the system also provided the context for the ongoing discussion in Congress over national defense through annual congressional debates on military funding.

This collection of new essays focuses on the crucial period at the end of the 19th and early 20th century when American music developed its own unique social and cultural institutions.

This important book makes an original and modern contribution to the study of "international environmental law", addressing its development over three time periods: the traditional period, the modern era, and the post-modern period. Kuokkanen's thesis is this: in the traditional period there was no clear distinction between the protection of the environment and the exploitation of natural resources; during the modern period the subjects became completely separated; and in the post-modern era there has been an effort to reconcile economic interests and environmental concerns. The work challenges the reader to think about international environmental law and its development within a broader framework, and through a lens which differs from that taken elsewhere. The book presents an impressive panorama of the principal international legal developments over the past century in this area, and successfully pinpoints the tensions between environmental and economic objects over the past century. A timely and important contribution.