Concepts In Biochemical Pharmacology

This volume of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (Concepts in Biochemical Pharmacology) will show that pharma cology has finally arrived as a true discipline in its own right, and is no longer the handmaiden of organic chemistry and physiology. Instead it is an amalgam of all the biological sciences including biochemistry, biophysical chemistry, physiology, pathology and clinical medicine. In the volumes that make up Concepts in Bioche mical Pharmacology we hope to convince Medical Schools what should now be obvious, that pharmacology is no longer that dull topic bridging the basic sciences with medicine, but is probably the most important subject in the medical curriculum. We are grateful for the advice of Dr. BYRON CLARKE, Director of the Pharmacology-Toxicology Program at the National Insti tutes of Health, whose support made possible much of the work described in this volume. Contents Section One: Routes of Drug Administration Chapter 1: Biological Membranes and Their Passage by Drugs. C. A. M. HOGBEN 1 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Chapter 2: Absorption of Drugs from the Gastrointestinal Tract. L. S. SCHANKER. With 5 Figures. 9 I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 II. Methods of Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 III. Absorption from the Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 IV. Intestinal Absorption of Non-Electrolytes and Weak Electrolytes 15 V. Absorption of Weak Electrolytes from the Colon and Rectum 18 VI. Intestinal Absorption of Organic Ions. . . . . . . . . . 19 VII. Intestinal Absorption of Macromolecules . . . . . . . . . . 19 VIII. Active Transport across the Intestinal Epithelium . . . . . 20 IX. Effect of EDTA on Drug Absorption from the Intestine . . . . . . .

Part 3 of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (Concepts in Biochem ical Pharmacology) applies the principles enunciated in Parts 1 and 2 to clinical pharmacology and toxicology. The major objective is to elucidate the many factors that determine the relationships between pharmacokinetic aspects of the disposition and metabolism of drugs and their therapeutic or toxic actions in man. Because of the more restricted information obtainable in human studies, this volume reflects the editors' bias that an understanding of pharmacokinetics is fundamental for assessing pharmacologic or toxicologic effects of drugs in humans. The first chapter is a unique primer on when to apply and how to use pharmaco kinetic tools in human pharmacology. The second chapter explains the general assumptions underlying pharmacokinetic approaches both in simple terms for the novice and in mathematical form for the more sophisticated reader. Several chapters on determinants of drug concentration and activity discuss drug absorption, drug latentiation, drugs acting through metabolites, entero hepatic drug circulation, influence of route of drug administration on response, genetic variations in drug disposition and response, age differences in absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs, and pathologic and physiologic factors affecting absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs and drug response. The focus of these chapters is data obtained in human, rather than animal, studies. Most of the chapters contain new material never summarized previously.

This volume of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (Concepts in Biochemical Pharmacology) will show that pharma cology has finally arrived as a true discipline in its own right, and is no longer the handmaiden of organic chemistry and physiology. Instead it is an amalgam of all the biological sciences including biochemistry, biophysical chemistry, physiology, pathology and clinical medicine. In the volumes that make up Concepts in Bio chemical Pharmacology we hope to convince Medical Schools what should now be obvious, that pharmacology is no longer that dull topic bridging the basic sciences with medicine, but is probably the most important subject in the medical curriculum. We are grateful for the advice of Dr. Byron Clark, Director of the Pharmacology-Toxicology Program at the National Institutes of Health whose support made possible much of the work described in this volume. Contents Section Four: Methods 01 Stooging the MetoholiBm 01 Drugs Subsection A. Assay 01 Drugs and Their M etoholites Chapter 22 : Basic Principles in Development of Methods for Drug Assay. B. B. BRODIE. With 2 Figures 1 1 A. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . B. Principles of Developing a Method. . . . . . 1 I. Section of Method of Assay . . . . . . 1 II. Choice of Solvent for Extraction of Drug 2 III. Adsorption of Drugs by Glass Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 IV. Recoveries of Known Amounts of Compound from Biological Material. 4 V. Assessment of Sensitivity 5 VI. Assessment of Specificity 5 References. . . . . . . . . . .