Darkness Falls On The Land Of Light

This sweeping history of popular religion in eighteenth-century New England examines the experiences of ordinary people living through extraordinary times. Drawing on an unprecedented quantity of letters, diaries, and testimonies, Douglas Winiarski recovers the pervasive and vigorous lay piety of the early eighteenth century. George Whitefield's preaching tour of 1740 called into question the fundamental assumptions of this thriving religious culture. Incited by Whitefield and fascinated by miraculous gifts of the Holy Spirit--visions, bodily fits, and sudden conversions--countless New Englanders broke ranks with family, neighbors, and ministers who dismissed their religious experiences as delusive enthusiasm. These new converts, the progenitors of today's evangelical movement, bitterly assaulted the Congregational establishment. The 1740s and 1750s were the dark night of the New England soul, as men and women groped toward a restructured religious order. Conflict transformed inclusive parishes into exclusive networks of combative spiritual seekers. Then as now, evangelicalism emboldened ordinary people to question traditional authorities. Their challenge shattered whole communities.

"Conversion" in late Medieval Christianity -- Luther insists on faith -- Can one turn to one's outward baptism for assurance of salvation? : the Colloquy at Montbéliard -- The "conscience religion" of William Perkins -- Grace resolved into morality? -- The outbreak of evangelicalism.

The first comprehensive biography of Elihu Palmer tells the life story of a freethinker who was at the heart of the early United States' protracted contest over religious freedom and free speech. When the United States was new, a lapsed minister named Elihu Palmer shared with his fellow Americans the radical idea that virtue required no religious foundation. A better source for morality, he said, could be found in the natural world: the interconnected web of life that inspired compassion for all living things. Religions that deny these universal connections should be discarded, he insisted. For this, his Christian critics denounced him as a heretic whose ideas endangered the country. Although his publications and speaking tours made him one of the most infamous American freethinkers in his day, Elihu Palmer has been largely forgotten. No cache of his personal papers exists and his book has been long out of print. Yet his story merits telling, Kirsten Fischer argues, and not only for the dramatic account of a man who lost his eyesight before the age of thirty and still became a book author, newspaper editor, and itinerant public speaker. Even more intriguing is his encounter with a cosmology that envisioned the universe as interconnected, alive with sensation, and everywhere infused with a divine life force. Palmer's "heresy" tested the nation's recently proclaimed commitment to freedom of religion and of speech. In this he was not alone. Fischer reveals that Palmer engaged in person and in print with an array of freethinkers—some famous, others now obscure. The flourishing of diverse religious opinion struck some of his contemporaries as foundational to a healthy democracy while others believed that only a strong Christian faith could support democratic self-governance. This first comprehensive biography of Palmer draws on extensive archival research to tell the life story of a freethinker who was at the heart of the new nation's protracted contest over religious freedom and free speech—a debate that continues to resonate today.

This book tells the story of the Rev. Benjamin Colman (1673-1747), one of eighteenth-century America’s most influential ministers, and his transatlantic social world of letters. Exploring his epistolary network reveals how imperial culture diffused through the British Atlantic and formed the Dissenting Interest in America, England, and Scotland. Traveling to and living in England between 1695-1699, Colman forged enduring connections with English Dissenters that would animate and define his ministry for nearly a half century. The chapters reassemble Colman’s epistolary web to illuminate the Dissenting Interest’s broad range of activities through the circulation of Dissenting histories, libraries, missionaries, revival news, and provincial defenses of religious liberty. This book argues that over the course of Colman’s life the Dissenting Interest integrated, extended, and ultimately detached, presenting the history of Protestant Dissent as fundamentally a transatlantic story shaped by the provincial edges of the British Empire.

By focusing on law, this book offers new insights into the history of religious liberty in colonial America.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- List of Illustrations -- List of Abbreviations -- Note on Sources and Place Names -- Introduction -- PART ONE: Godly Walkers -- I Sin in Coming Unworthily and I Sin in Staying Away Unworthily -- The Loud Calls of Divine Providence -- I Was Born in a Land of Light -- That I Might Walk Answerable to My Profession -- PART TWO: In a Flame -- They Build upon a Sandy Foundation -- An Extraordinary Work on Foot in the Land -- New Converts -- To Write So Freely of Your Own Experiences -- PART THREE: Exercised Bodies, Impulsive Bibles -- Peirced by the Word -- I Think I Have the Spirit of God -- His Name Was in the Book of Life -- If This Bee Delusion Lett Mee Have More of It -- PART FOUR: Pentecost and Protest -- The Lord Opened My Mouth -- They Can Hardly Be Neighbourly or Peaceable -- He Would as Soon Give the Bread in the Sacrament to a Dog -- Let Him Stand Up in the Day of Pentecost -- PART FIVE: Travels -- Out of the Fold -- Holier Than Thou -- Would Not Convert a Rat -- Tohu and Bohu -- Nothingarians -- Epilogue -- Appendix A: A Note on Church Affiliation Statistics -- Appendix B: Major Relations of Faith Collections -- Appendix C: Selected Relations of Faith, 1697-1801 -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y

Baptists in America began the eighteenth century a small, scattered, often harassed sect in a vast sea of religious options. By the early nineteenth century, they were a unified, powerful, and rapidly-growing denomination, poised to send missionaries to the other side of the world. One of the most influential yet neglected leaders in that transformation was Oliver Hart, longtime pastor of the Charleston Baptist Church. Oliver Hart and the Rise of Baptist America is the first modern biography of Hart, arguably the most important evangelical leader in the pre-Revolutionary South. During his thirty years in Charleston, Hart emerged as the region's most important Baptist denominational architect. His outspoken patriotism forced him to flee Charleston when the British army invaded Charleston in 1780, but he left behind a southern Baptist people forever changed by his energetic ministry. Hart's accommodating stance toward slavery enabled him and the white Baptists who followed him to reach the center of southern society, but also eventually doomed the national Baptist denomination of Hart's dreams. More than a biography, Oliver Hart and the Rise of Baptist America seamlessly intertwines Hart's story with that of eighteenth-century American Baptists, providing one of the most thorough accounts to date of this important and understudied religious group's development. This book makes a significant contribution to the study of Baptist life and evangelicalism in the pre-Revolutionary South and beyond.

"This book describes how English and colonial American Protestants described religions throughout the world during a crucial period of English colonization of North America, from 1650 to 1765. It uses a variety of sources, including thick accounts of Catholicism, Islam, and Native American traditions, to argue-against much of current scholarship-that Protestants changed their perspectives on non-Protestant religions and conversion during the early eighteenth century. This account of a transformation in Protestant discourse locates the English Revolution of 1688 and subsequent growth of the British empire as a turning point, when observers keyed the wellbeing of Britain to civic moral virtues, including religious toleration, rather than to any particular religious creed. A wide range of Protestants, including liberal Anglicans, Calvinist dissenters, deists, and evangelicals endorsed this new understanding of religion and the state. They accordingly began to parse religions around the world not as good or bad as a whole but as complex traditions with some groups who sustained religious liberty and other groups that, under the sway of power-hungry clergy, suppressed religious liberty. They also changed their evangelistic practices, jettisoning civilizing agendas for reasoned persuasion as the means of mission. This story concerns ambiguities in Protestant ideas yet suggests the importance of those ideas for contemporary understandings of religious liberty, matters of race, and moral reasonableness in public life"--