Deformation Theory Of Pseudogroup Structures

This volume is a result of a meeting which took place in June 1986 at 'll Ciocco" in Italy entitled 'Deformation theory of algebras and structures and applications'. It appears somewhat later than is perhaps desirable for a volume resulting from a summer school. In return it contains a good many results which were not yet available at the time of the meeting. In particular it is now abundantly clear that the Deformation theory of algebras is indeed central to the whole philosophy of deformations/perturbations/stability. This is one of the main results of the 254 page paper below (practically a book in itself) by Gerstenhaber and Shack entitled "Algebraic cohomology and defor mation theory". Two of the main philosphical-methodological pillars on which deformation theory rests are the fol lowing • (Pure) To study a highly complicated object, it is fruitful to study the ways in which it can arise as a limit of a family of simpler objects: "the unraveling of complicated structures" . • (Applied) If a mathematical model is to be applied to the real world there will usually be such things as coefficients which are imperfectly known. Thus it is important to know how the behaviour of a model changes as it is perturbed (deformed).

The main goal of these notes is the description of a non-linear complex into which the integrability (or compatibility) condition is inserted as a non-linear operator in such a way that exactness implies the integrability of the almost-structure (existence of local coordinates for the structure) or, by the introduction of parameters, the existence of a (germ of) deformation of the structure. To the non-linear complex are attached some fundamental identities and a structure equation. The non-linear complex is a finite form of the initial portion of a linear complex which is a differential graded Lie algebra. The operators in the non-linear and linear complexes are of first order.

The word ``moduli'' in the sense of this book first appeared in the epoch-making paper of B. Riemann, Theorie der Abel'schen Funktionen, published in 1857. Riemann defined a Riemann surface of an algebraic function field as a branched covering of a one-dimensional complex projective space, and found out that Riemann surfaces have parameters. This work gave birth to the theory of moduli. However, the viewpoint regarding a Riemann surface as an algebraic curve became the mainstream,and the moduli meant the parameters for the figures (graphs) defined by equations. In 1913, H. Weyl defined a Riemann surface as a complex manifold of dimension one. Moreover, Teichmuller's theory of quasiconformal mappings and Teichmuller spaces made a start for new development of the theory ofmoduli, making possible a complex analytic approach toward the theory of moduli of Riemann surfaces. This theory was then investigated and made complete by Ahlfors, Bers, Rauch, and others. However, the theory of Teichmuller spaces utilized the special nature of complex dimension one, and it was difficult to generalize it to an arbitrary dimension in a direct way. It was Kodaira-Spencer's deformation theory of complex manifolds that allowed one to study arbitrary dimensional complex manifolds.Initial motivation in Kodaira-Spencer's discussion was the need to clarify what one should mean by number of moduli. Their results, together with further work by Kuranishi, provided this notion with intrinsic meaning. This book begins by presenting the Kodaira-Spencer theory in its original naiveform in Chapter 1 and introduces readers to moduli theory from the viewpoint of complex analytic geometry. Chapter 2 briefly outlines the theory of period mapping and Jacobian variety for compact Riemann surfaces, with the Torelli theorem as a goal. The theory of period mappings for compact Riemann surfaces can be generalized to the theory of period mappings in terms of Hodge structures for compact Kahler manifolds. In Chapter 3, the authors state the theory of Hodge structures, focusingbriefly on period mappings. Chapter 4 explains conformal field theory as an application of moduli theory. This is the English translation of a book originally published in Japanese. Other books by Kenji Ueno published in this AMS series, Translations of Mathematical Monographs, include An Introduction toAlgebraic Geometry, Volume 166, Algebraic Geometry 1: From Algebraic Varieties to Schemes, Volume 185, and Algebraic Geometry 2: Sheaves and Cohomology, Volume 197.