Design Of Miniaturized Variable Capacitance Electrostatic Energy Harvesters

This book provides readers with an overview of kinetic energy harvesting systems, their applications, and a detailed discussion of circuit design of variable-capacitance electrostatic harvesters. The authors describe challenges that need to be overcome when designing miniaturized kinetic energy harvesting systems, along with practical design considerations demonstrated through case studies of developing electrostatic energy harvesting systems. The book also, Discusses the subject of Miniaturized Variable-Capacitance Electrostatic Energy Harvesters from both a theoretical and practical/experimental point of view. Describes detailed circuit designs for developing miniaturized electrostatic harvesters. Includes a comprehensive comparison framework for evaluating electrostatic harvesters, enabling readers to select which harvesters are best suited for a particular application.

Harvesting kinetic energy is a good opportunity to power wireless sensor in a vibratory environment. Besides classical methods based on electromagnetic and piezoelectric mechanisms, electrostatic transduction has a great perspective in particular when dealing with small devices based on MEMS technology. This book describes in detail the principle of such capacitive Kinetic Energy Harvesters based on a spring-mass system. Specific points related to the design and operation of kinetic energy harvesters (KEHs) with a capacitive interface are presented in detail: advanced studies on their nonlinear features, typical conditioning circuits and practical MEMS fabrication.

With its inclusion of the fundamentals, systems and applications, this reference provides readers with the basics of micro energy conversion along with expert knowledge on system electronics and real-life microdevices. The authors address different aspects of energy harvesting at the micro scale with a focus on miniaturized and microfabricated devices. Along the way they provide an overview of the field by compiling knowledge on the design, materials development, device realization and aspects of system integration, covering emerging technologies, as well as applications in power management, energy storage, medicine and low-power system electronics. In addition, they survey the energy harvesting principles based on chemical, thermal, mechanical, as well as hybrid and nanotechnology approaches. In unparalleled detail this volume presents the complete picture -- and a peek into the future -- of micro-powered microsystems.

This book addresses the Internet of Things (IoT), an essential topic in the technology industry, policy, and engineering circles, and one that has become headline news in both the specialty press and the popular media. The book focuses on energy efficiency concerns in IoT and the requirements related to Industry 4.0. It is the first-ever “how-to” guide on frequently overlooked practical, methodological, and moral questions in any nations’ journey to reducing energy consumption in IoT devices. The book discusses several examples of energy-efficient IoT, ranging from simple devices like indoor temperature sensors, to more complex sensors (e.g. electrical power measuring devices), actuators (e.g. HVAC room controllers, motors) and devices (e.g. industrial circuit-breakers, PLC for home, building or industrial automation). It provides a detailed approach to conserving energy in IoT devices, and comparative case studies on performance evaluation metrics, state-of-the-art approaches, and IoT legislation.

The transformation of vibrations into electric energy through the use of piezoelectric devices is an exciting and rapidly developing area of research with a widening range of applications constantly materialising. With Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting, world-leading researchers provide a timely and comprehensive coverage of the electromechanical modelling and applications of piezoelectric energy harvesters. They present principal modelling approaches, synthesizing fundamental material related to mechanical, aerospace, civil, electrical and materials engineering disciplines for vibration-based energy harvesting using piezoelectric transduction. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting provides the first comprehensive treatment of distributed-parameter electromechanical modelling for piezoelectric energy harvesting with extensive case studies including experimental validations, and is the first book to address modelling of various forms of excitation in piezoelectric energy harvesting, ranging from airflow excitation to moving loads, thus ensuring its relevance to engineers in fields as disparate as aerospace engineering and civil engineering. Coverage includes: Analytical and approximate analytical distributed-parameter electromechanical models with illustrative theoretical case studies as well as extensive experimental validations Several problems of piezoelectric energy harvesting ranging from simple harmonic excitation to random vibrations Details of introducing and modelling piezoelectric coupling for various problems Modelling and exploiting nonlinear dynamics for performance enhancement, supported with experimental verifications Applications ranging from moving load excitation of slender bridges to airflow excitation of aeroelastic sections A review of standard nonlinear energy harvesting circuits with modelling aspects.

SELF-POWERED CYBER PHYSICAL SYSTEMS This cutting-edge new volume provides a comprehensive exploration of emerging technologies and trends in energy management, self-powered devices, and cyber-physical systems, offering valuable insights into the future of autonomous systems and addressing the urgent need for energy-efficient solutions in a world that is increasingly data-driven and sensor-rich. This book is an attempt to aim at a very futuristic vision of achieving self-powered cyber-physical systems by applying a multitude of current technologies such as ULP electronics, thin film electronics, ULP transducers, autonomous wireless sensor networks using energy harvesters at the component level and energy efficient clean energy for powering data centers and machines at the system level. This is the need of the hour for cyber-physical systems since data requires energy when it is stored, transmitted, or converted to other forms. Cyber-physical systems will become energy hungry since the industry trend is towards ubiquitous computing with massive deployment of sensors and actuators. This is evident in using blockchain technologies such as Bitcoin or running epochs for artificial intelligence (AI) applications. Hence, there is a need for research to understand energy patterns and distribution in cyber-physical systems and adopt new technologies to transcend to self-powered cyber-physical systems. This book explores the recent trends in energy management, self-powered devices, and methods in the cyber-physical world. Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this book tackles a multitude of subjects related to cyber physical systems (CPSs), including self-powered sensory transducers, ambient energy harvesting for wireless sensor networks, actuator methods and non-contact sensing equipment for soft robots, alternative optimization strategies for DGDCs to improve task distribution and provider profits, wireless power transfer methods, machine learning algorithms for CPS and IoT applications, integration of renewables, electric vehicles (EVs), smart grids, RES micro-grid and EV systems for effective load matching, self-powered car cyber-physical systems, anonymous routing and intrusion detection systems for VANET security, data-driven pavement distress prediction methods, the impact of autonomous vehicles on industries and the auto insurance market, Intelligent transportation systems and associated security concerns, digital twin prototypes and their automotive applications, farming robotics for CPS farming, self-powered CPS in smart cities, self-powered CPS in healthcare and biomedical devices, cyber-security considerations, societal impact and ethical concerns, and advances in human-machine interfaces and explore the integration of self-powered CPS in industrial automation. Whether for the veteran engineer or student, this volume is a must-have for any library.

The vast reduction in size and power consumption of CMOS circuitry has led to a large research effort based around the vision of wireless sensor networks. The proposed networks will be comprised of thousands of small wireless nodes that operate in a multi-hop fashion, replacing long transmission distances with many low power, low cost wireless devices. The result will be the creation of an intelligent environment responding to its inhabitants and ambient conditions. Wireless devices currently being designed and built for use in such environments typically run on batteries. However, as the networks increase in number and the devices decrease in size, the replacement of depleted batteries will not be practical. The cost of replacing batteries in a few devices that make up a small network about once per year is modest. However, the cost of replacing thousands of devices in a single building annually, some of which are in areas difficult to access, is simply not practical. Another approach would be to use a battery that is large enough to last the entire lifetime of the wireless sensor device. However, a battery large enough to last the lifetime of the device would dominate the overall system size and cost, and thus is not very attractive. Alternative methods of powering the devices that will make up the wireless networks are desperately needed.

This book describes the fundamentals and principles of energy harvesting and provides the necessary theory and background to develop energy harvesting power supplies. It explains the overall system design and gives quantitative assumptions on environmental energy. It explains different system blocks for an energy harvesting power supply and the trade-offs. The text covers in detail different energy transducer technologies such as piezoelectric, electrodynamic, and thermoelectric generators and solar cells from the material to the component level and explains the appropriate power management circuits required in these systems. Furthermore, it describes and compares storage elements such as secondary batteries and supercapacitors to select the most appropriate one for the application. Besides power supplies that use ambient energy, the book presents systems that use electromagnetic fields in the radio frequency range. Finally, it discusses different application fields and presents examples of self-powered electronic systems to illustrate the content of the preceding chapters.