Discrete Cosine And Sine Transforms

The Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is used in many applications by the scientific, engineering and research communities and in data compression in particular. Fast algorithms and applications of the DCT Type II (DCT-II) have become the heart of many established international image/video coding standards. Since then other forms of the DCT and Discrete Sine Transform (DST) have been investigated in detail. This new edition presents the complete set of DCT and DST discrete trigonometric transforms, including their definitions, general mathematical properties, and relations to the optimal Karhunen-Loéve transform (KLT), with the emphasis on fast algorithms (one-dimensional and two-dimensional) and integer approximations of DCTs and DSTs for their efficient implementations in the integer domain. DCTs and DSTs are real-valued transforms that map integer-valued signals to floating-point coefficients. To eliminate the floating-point operations, various methods of integer approximations have been proposed to construct and flexibly generate a family of integer DCT and DST transforms with arbitrary accuracy and performance. The integer DCTs/DSTs with low-cost and low-powered implementation can replace the corresponding real-valued transforms in wireless and satellite communication systems as well as portable computing applications. The book is essentially a detailed excursion on orthogonal/orthonormal DCT and DST matrices, their matrix factorizations and integer aproximations. It is hoped that the book will serve as a valuable reference for industry, academia and research institutes in developing integer DCTs and DSTs as well as an inspiration source for further advanced research. Presentation of the complete set of DCTs and DSTs in context of entire class of discrete unitary sinusoidal transforms: the origin, definitions, general mathematical properties, mutual relationships and relations to the optimal Karhunen-Loéve transform (KLT) Unified treatment with the fast implementations of DCTs and DSTs: the fast rotation-based algorithms derived in the form of recursive sparse matrix factorizations of a transform matrix including one- and two-dimensional cases Detailed presentation of various methods and design approaches to integer approximation of DCTs and DSTs utilizing the basic concepts of linear algebra, matrix theory and matrix computations leading to their efficient multiplierless real-time implementations, or in general reversible integer-to-integer implementations Comprehensive list of additional references reflecting recent/latest developments in the efficient implementations of DCTs and DSTs mainly one-, two-, three- and multi-dimensional fast DCT/DST algorithms including the recent active research topics for the time period from 1990 up to now

Many new DCT-like transforms have been proposed since the first edition of this book. For example, the integer DCT that yields integer transform coefficients, the directional DCT to take advantage of several directions of the image and the steerable DCT. The advent of higher dimensional frames such as UHDTV and 4K-TV demand for small and large transform blocks to encode small or large similar areas respectively in an efficient way. Therefore, a new updated book on DCT, adapted to the modern days, considering the new advances in this area and targeted for students, researchers and the industry is a necessity.

This is the first comprehensive treatment of the theoretical aspects of the discrete cosine transform (DCT), which is being recommended by various standards organizations, such as the CCITT, ISO etc., as the primary compression tool in digital image coding. The main purpose of the book is to provide a complete source for the user of this signal processing tool, where both the basics and the applications are detailed. An extensive bibliography covers both the theory and applications of the DCT. The novice will find the book useful in its self-contained treatment of the theory of the DCT, the detailed description of various algorithms supported by computer programs and the range of possible applications, including codecs used for teleconferencing, videophone, progressive image transmission, and broadcast TV. The more advanced user will appreciate the extensive references. Tables describing ASIC VLSI chips for implementing DCT, and motion estimation and details on image compression boards are also provided.

While the JPEG image standard was developed more than 25 years ago, it is still dominant in terms of image formation, manipulation and transmission over the internet and other media. As technology advances, new demands have arisen for the efficient transmission and storage of images causing other formats to emerge. Over the years, several extensions such as, JPEGLS, JPEG2K, JPEGXT, JPEGXR, JPEGXS and JPEG Pleno, have been added, constructing a series of standards for the compression and transmission of images. This book is the first to bring together most of the series of JPEG standards in a book. This book covers the descriptions of the JPEG standards and gives the reader an overview of the latest advances in the standards of the Joint Photographic Experts Group. Topics discussed include: • JEPG;• JPEG XR;• JPEG XT;• JPEG 2000;• JPEG XS;• JPEG Pleno;• JPEG AIC;• JPEG LS;• JPEG XL;• JPSearch;• JPEG Systems;• JBIG

Digital Television closely examines all present-day TV transmission methods. These include MPEG, DVB, ATSC and ISDB-T. DVD is also discussed. The text covers these subjects in a practical-minded manner. Although mathematical formulations are used, they are in most cases only utilized to supplement the text. The book also contains chapters dealing with basic concepts such as digital modulation or transformations into the frequency domain. A major emphasis is placed on the measuring techniques used on these various digital TV signals. Practical examples and hints concerning measurement are provided. The book starts with analog TV base and signal, continues with MPEG-2 data stream, digital video, and digital audio, and then moves on to compression methods. After an excursion into the digital modulation methods, all the mentioned transmission methods are discussed in detail.

This book explores both the practical and theoretical aspects of the Discrete Fourier Transform, one of the most widely used tools in science, engineering, and computational mathematics. Designed to be accessible to an audience with diverse interests and mathematical backgrounds, the book is written in an informal style and is supported by many examples, figures, and problems. Conceived as an "owner's" manual, this comprehensive book covers such topics as the history of the DFT, derivations and properties of the DFT, comprehensive error analysis, issues concerning the implementation of the DFT in one and several dimensions, symmetric DFTs, a sample of DFT applications, and an overview of the FFT.

Many new DCT-like transforms have been proposed since the first edition of this book. For example, the integer DCT that yields integer transform coefficients, the directional DCT to take advantage of several directions of the image and the steerable DCT. The advent of higher dimensional frames such as UHDTV and 4K-TV demand for small and large transform blocks to encode small or large similar areas respectively in an efficient way. Therefore, a new updated book on DCT, adapted to the modern days, considering the new advances in this area and targeted for students, researchers and the industry is a necessity.

Updating the original, Transforms and Applications Handbook, Third Edition solidifies its place as the complete resource on those mathematical transforms most frequently used by engineers, scientists, and mathematicians. Highlighting the use of transforms and their properties, this latest edition of the bestseller begins with a solid introduction to signals and systems, including properties of the delta function and some classical orthogonal functions. It then goes on to detail different transforms, including lapped, Mellin, wavelet, and Hartley varieties. Written by top experts, each chapter provides numerous examples and applications that clearly demonstrate the unique purpose and properties of each type. The material is presented in a way that makes it easy for readers from different backgrounds to familiarize themselves with the wide range of transform applications. Revisiting transforms previously covered, this book adds information on other important ones, including: Finite Hankel, Legendre, Jacobi, Gengenbauer, Laguerre, and Hermite Fraction Fourier Zak Continuous and discrete Chirp-Fourier Multidimensional discrete unitary Hilbert-Huang Most comparable books cover only a few of the transforms addressed here, making this text by far the most useful for anyone involved in signal processing—including electrical and communication engineers, mathematicians, and any other scientist working in this field.