Dose Optimization In Digital Radiography And Computed Tomography

This book addresses radiation protection of patients having digital radiography and computed tomography (CT) examinations. The literature on radiation doses to patients from these two modalities have reported that the doses to patients are high. As a result, the radiology community has focused on methods and procedures to keep these doses as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) without compromising the diagnostic image quality. This book outlines the motivation for dose optimization in radiology, identifies and describes the ICRP principle of optimization, outlines the factors affecting the dose in digital radiography and in CT, and identifies and describes strategies used in digital radiography and in CT for dose optimization. This book is intended for all those working in digital radiography and CT environments including radiological technologists, and radiographers, radiologists, biomedical engineering technologists, and student medical physicists. It is best used as a supplement to radiologic science textbooks, and in particular, radiation protection textbooks. Furthermore, this book lays the foundations for students and practitioners engaged in research on dose reduction and dose optimization in radiology. · Provides practical and useful methods for optimization of doses from digital radiography and CT · Describes the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) principle of optimization · Outlines the factors affecting the dose in digital radiography and in computed tomography

Radiation Protection in Diagnostic X-Ray Imaging covers the recent developments that have been introduced to address the increasing dose to the patient, and new assessment tools for use in dose optimization studies. Based on material from ASRT, ARRT and CAMRT, as well as Current Concepts of Radiation Protection. Content is mapped to the ARRT Radiation Protection Examination Specifications and ASRT Radiation Protection Objectives. In addition to topics prescribed by the ARRT for the certification examination, this book includes topics for advanced study. Some electronic and eBook versions do not include access to Navigate 2 Advantage resources.

This is the second edition of a well-received book that enriches the understanding of radiographers and radiologic technologists across the globe, and is designed to meet the needs of courses (units) on radiographic imaging equipment, procedures, production, and exposure. The book also serves as a supplement for courses that address digital imaging techniques, such as radiologic physics, radiographic equipment and quality control. In a broader sense, the purpose of the book is to meet readers’ needs in connection with the change from film-based imaging to film-less or digital imaging; today, all radiographic imaging worldwide is based on digital imaging technologies. The book covers a wide range of topics to address the needs of members of various professional radiologic technology associations, such as the American Society of Radiologic Technologists, the Canadian Association of Medical Radiation Technologists, the College of Radiographers in the UK, and the Australian and New Zealand Societies for Radiographers.

Radiation protection is a core element of radiologic technology programmes and daily practice alike. Rad Tech's Guide to Radiation Protection is a comprehensive yet compact guide designed to illuminate the extensive field of radiation protection for technologists, trainees, and radiology students. Organised into ten digestible chapters, the second edition of this popular book provides new discussions of dose factors in computed tomography, the debate concerning the use of the LNT model, Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs), dose optimization, and more. Written by a recognised expert in medical radiation sciences, this valuable guide: Helps students and technologists acquire the skills required to protect patients, personnel, and members of the public in the radiology department Reflects the most current standards for radiation protection, with references to relevant organisations and resources Covers basic radiobiology, sources of radiation exposure, dose management regulations and optimization, and more Presents essential information in a bulleted, easy-to-reference format Rad Tech's Guide to Radiation Protection is a must-have resource for student radiographers and radiology technologists, particularly those preparing for the American Registry of Radiation Technologist (ARRT) exams.

This book serves as a supplement to the book ‘Digital Radiography: Physical Principles and Quality Control, 2nd Edition (ISBN 978-981-13-3243-2)’ published by Springer Nature in 2019. This book includes review questions of multiple choices, true/false and short answer formats based on the chapters of the already published book along with their answers. It includes questions that mimic the nature of the questions in certification examinations of professional radiologic technologist organizations, such as the American Association of Radiological Technologists (ASRT) and the Canadian Association of Medical Radiation Technologists (CAMRT) and other certification organizations in the United Kingdom and Australia. The book includes 10-15 review questions on each of the essential topics covering the scope of digital radiography (DR), such as definition of DR, limitations of film-screen radiography, digital image processing concepts, physics and technology of computed radiography (CR), flat-panel digital radiography (FPDR), image quality descriptors including artifacts for CR and FPDR, the standardized exposure indicator, the technical aspects of digital fluoroscopy, digital mammography, digital tomosynthesis, picture archiving and communication systems (PACS), imaging informatics, quality control for DR, and radiation dose optimization in DR. The book is relevant for diagnostic radiography students, diagnostic radiology residents (MDs), radiology practitioners and biomedical engineering technologists all over the world.

This timely overview of dose, benefit, and risk in medical imaging explains to readers how to apply this information for informed decision-making that improves patient outcomes. The chapters cover patient and physician perspectives, referral guidelines, appropriateness criteria, and quantifying medical imaging benefits. The authors have included essential discussion about radiologic physics in medical imaging, fundamentals of dose and image quality, risk assessment, and techniques for optimization and dose reduction. The book highlights practical implementation aspects with useful case studies and checklists for treatment planning. Clinicians, students, residents, and professionals in medical physics, biomedical engineering, radiology, oncology, and allied disciplines will find this book an essential resource with the following key features: Discusses risk, benefit, dose optimization, safety, regulation, radiological protection, and shared & informed decision-making. Covers regulatory oversight by government agencies, manufacturers, and societies. Highlights best practices for improving patient safety and outcomes. Gives guidelines on doses associated with specific procedures.

Optimization of dose in radiographic examinations is essential since the utilization of x-radiation is related to increased cancer risk. The study’s objective was to guide radiographers in ensuring best practices for common radiographic examinations of acceptable image quality in digital radiography while minimizing radiation doses that could result in harmful effects. The study comprised of three phases. The first phase involved 90 respondents between 20 to 60 years of age and weighing between 60-80 kilograms for the following examinations: anterior-posterior (AP) abdomen, AP or lateral lumbar sacral spine and posterior-anterior (PA) chest examinations. During this phase, the radiographic examination’s technical parameters for 30 radiographs for each examination were at the radiographers’ discretion. Kerma X_plus, DAP (dose area product) meter was utilized to evaluate the entrance surface dose (ESD), while CALDose_X 5.0 Monte Carlo was used to estimate the effective dose. The experimental study utilized an anthropomorphic phantom (PBU-50) and Leeds test object to compare the image quality. The best parameters were adapted to the patient’s AP thickness for the optimization study from the different technical parameters used in the experimental phase.

This book considers in depth all the factors that influence the radiation dose and the risk associated with MDCT in children and adults. Only a small proportion of referring clinicians, radiologists, and technologists are aware of both the radiation risks and their underlying mechanisms. The book proposes detailed guidelines for optimization of the radiation dose when using MDCT. It is written by experts of international standing.