Energy Harvesting For Wireless Sensor Networks

The energy efficiency paradigm is a major bottleneck for the development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and Internet of Things (IoT) architectures and technologies. This edited book presents comprehensive coverage of energy harvesting sources and techniques that can be used for WSN and IoT systems.

Wireless sensors and sensor networks (WSNs) are nowadays becoming increasingly important due to their decisive advantages. Different trends towards the Internet of Things (IoT), Industry 4.0 and 5G Networks address massive sensing and admit to have wireless sensors delivering measurement data directly to the Web in a reliable and easy manner. These sensors can only be supported, if sufficient energy efficiency and flexible solutions are developed for energy-aware wireless sensor nodes. In the last years, different possibilities for energy harvesting have been investigated showing a high level of maturity. This book gives therefore an overview on fundamentals and techniques for energy harvesting and energy transfer from different points of view. Different techniques and methods for energy transfer, management and energy saving on network level are reported together with selected interesting applications. The book is interesting for researchers, developers and students in the field of sensors, wireless sensors, WSNs, IoT and manifold application fields using related technologies. The book is organized in four major parts. The first part of the book introduces essential fundamentals and methods, while the second part focusses on vibration converters and hybridization. The third part is dedicated to wireless energy transfer, including both RF and inductive energy transfer. Finally, the fourth part of the book treats energy saving and management strategies. The main contents are: Essential fundamentals and methods of wireless sensors Energy harvesting from vibration Hybrid vibration energy converters Electromagnetic transducers Piezoelectric transducers Magneto-electric transducers Non-linear broadband converters Energy transfer via magnetic fields RF energy transfer Energy saving techniques Energy management strategies Energy management on network level Applications in agriculture Applications in structural health monitoring Application in power grids Prof. Dr. Olfa Kanoun is professor for measurement and sensor technology at Chemnitz university of technology. She is specialist in the field of sensors and sensor systems design.

Energy Harvesting Technologies provides a cohesive overview of the fundamentals and current developments in the field of energy harvesting. In a well-organized structure, this volume discusses basic principles for the design and fabrication of bulk and MEMS based vibration energy systems, theory and design rules required for fabrication of efficient electronics, in addition to recent findings in thermoelectric energy harvesting systems. Combining leading research from both academia and industry onto a single platform, Energy Harvesting Technologies serves as an important reference for researchers and engineers involved with power sources, sensor networks and smart materials.

The vast reduction in size and power consumption of CMOS circuitry has led to a large research effort based around the vision of wireless sensor networks. The proposed networks will be comprised of thousands of small wireless nodes that operate in a multi-hop fashion, replacing long transmission distances with many low power, low cost wireless devices. The result will be the creation of an intelligent environment responding to its inhabitants and ambient conditions. Wireless devices currently being designed and built for use in such environments typically run on batteries. However, as the networks increase in number and the devices decrease in size, the replacement of depleted batteries will not be practical. The cost of replacing batteries in a few devices that make up a small network about once per year is modest. However, the cost of replacing thousands of devices in a single building annually, some of which are in areas difficult to access, is simply not practical. Another approach would be to use a battery that is large enough to last the entire lifetime of the wireless sensor device. However, a battery large enough to last the lifetime of the device would dominate the overall system size and cost, and thus is not very attractive. Alternative methods of powering the devices that will make up the wireless networks are desperately needed.

"An excellent book for those who are interested in learning the current status of research and development . . . [and] who want to get a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art." —E-Streams This book provides up-to-date information on research and development in the rapidly growing area of networks based on the multihop ad hoc networking paradigm. It reviews all classes of networks that have successfully adopted this paradigm, pointing out how they penetrated the mass market and sparked breakthrough research. Covering both physical issues and applications, Mobile Ad Hoc Networking: Cutting Edge Directions offers useful tools for professionals and researchers in diverse areas wishing to learn about the latest trends in sensor, actuator, and robot networking, mesh networks, delay tolerant and opportunistic networking, and vehicular networks. Chapter coverage includes: Multihop ad hoc networking Enabling technologies and standards for mobile multihop wireless networking Resource optimization in multiradio multichannel wireless mesh networks QoS in mesh networks Routing and data dissemination in opportunistic networks Task farming in crowd computing Mobility models, topology, and simulations in VANET MAC protocols for VANET Wireless sensor networks with energy harvesting nodes Robot-assisted wireless sensor networks: recent applications and future challenges Advances in underwater acoustic networking Security in wireless ad hoc networks Mobile Ad Hoc Networking will appeal to researchers, developers, and students interested in computer science, electrical engineering, and telecommunications.

This second book by the author on WSNs focuses on the concepts of energy, and energy harvesting and management techniques. Definitions and terminologies are made clear without leaning on the relaxing assumption that they are already known or easily reachable, the reader is not to be diverted from the main course. Neatly drawn figures assist in viewing and imagining the offered topics. To make energy related topics felt and seen, the adopted technologies as well as their manufacturers are presented in details. With such a depth, this book is intended for a wide audience, it is meant to be helper and motivator, for the senior undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers, and practitioners; concepts and energy related applications are laid out, research and practical issues are backed by appropriate literature, and new trends are put under focus. For senior undergraduate students, it familiarizes with conceptual foundations and practical projects implementations. Also, it is intended for graduate students working on their thesis and in need of specific knowledge on WSNs and the related energy harvesting and management techniques. Moreover, it is targeting researchers and practitioners interested in features and applications of WSNs, and on the available energy harvesting and management projects and testbeds. Exercises at the end of each chapter are not just questions and answers; they are not limited to recapitulate ideas. Their design objective is not bound to be a methodical review of the provided concepts, but rather as a motivator for lot more of searching, finding, and comparing beyond what has been presented in the book.

The harvesting of energy from ambient energy sources to power electronic devices has been recognized as a promising solution to the issue of powering the ever-growing number of mobile devices around us. Key technologies in the rapidly growing field of energy harvesting focus on developing solutions to capture ambient energy surrounding the mobile devices and convert it into usable electrical energy for the purpose of recharging said devices. Achieving a sustainable network lifetime via battery-aware designs brings forth a new frontier for energy optimization techniques. These techniques had, in their early stages, resulted in the development of low-power hardware designs. Today, they have evolved into power-aware designs and even battery-aware designs. This book covers recent results in the field of rechargeable sensor networks, including technologies and protocol designs to enable harvesting energy from alternative energy sources such as vibrations, temperature variations, wind, solar, and biochemical energy and passive human power. Contents:Wind Energy Harvesting for Recharging Wireless Sensor Nodes: Brief Review and a Case Study (Yen Kheng Tan, Dibin Zhu and Steve Beeby)Rechargeable Sensor Networks with Magnetic Resonant Coupling (Liguang Xie, Yi Shi, Y Thomas Hou, Wenjing Lou, Hanif D Sherali and Huaibei Zhou)Cross-Layer Resource Allocation in Energy-Harvesting Sensor Networks (Zhoujia Mao, C Emre Koksal and Ness B Shroff)Energy-Harvesting Technique and Management for Wireless Sensor Networks (Jianhui Zhang and Xiangyang Li)Information Capacity of an AWGN Channel Powered by an Energy-Harvesting Source (R Rajesh, P K Deekshith and Vinod Sharma)Energy Harvesting in Wireless Sensor Networks (Nathalie Mitton and Riaan Wolhuter)Topology Control for Wireless Sensor Networks and Ad Hoc Networks (Sunil Jardosh)An Evolutionary Game Approach for Rechargeable Sensor Networks (Majed Haddad, Eitan Altman, Dieter Fiems and Julien Gaillard)Marine Sediment Energy Harvesting for Sustainable Underwater Sensor Networks (Baikun Li, Lei Wang and Jun-Hong Cui)Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks in the Smart Grid (Melike Erol-Kantarci and Hussein T Mouftah)Energy-Harvesting Methods for Medical Devices (Pedro Dinis Gaspar, Virginie Felizardo and Nuno M Garcia) Readership: Graduates, researchers, and professionals studying/dealing with networking, computer engineering, parallel computing, and electrical & electronic engineering. Keywords:Rechargeable Sensor;Energy Harvesting Technology;Renewable Sensor NetworksKey Features:This book provides comprehensive coverage from hardware design, protocol design, to applications. This book provides very recent results. And this book has prominent contributorsWith the increasing deterioration of global warming, energy harvesting technologies as a green source of energy are of great interest to research community. For wireless networks especially wireless sensor networks, the introduction of energy harvesting technologies can address the challenge of energy constraint and obtain perpetual network operation. Although there are lots of existing publications on energy harvesting, most of them are journal and conference papers, which concentrate on specific research problems and do not provide a comprehensive overview and prerequisite preliminaries to understand the energy harvesting technologies. To the best of our knowledge, there are only a few books which are concerned with energy harvesting technologies. One main drawback of these books are that they all elaborate on the hardware design of energy harvesting devices but neglect the impact of hardware design on the performance of overall networks which is also of great significance in practice. For example, the energy management subsystem should be designed to fulfill all the tasks without running out of energy, which is dependent on the available energy of each node and all the tasks of the whole networks. Hence, the algorithm and protocol optimization are as important as hardware design. But this was not elaborated in existing publications and motivates this book

Energy Harvesting Autonomous Sensor Systems: Design, Analysis, and Practical Implementation provides a wide range of coverage of various energy harvesting techniques to enable the development of a truly self-autonomous and sustainable energy harvesting wireless sensor network (EH-WSN). It supplies a practical overview of the entire EH-WSN system from energy source all the way to energy usage by wireless sensor nodes/network. After an in-depth review of existing energy harvesting research thus far, the book focuses on: Outlines two wind energy harvesting (WEH) approaches, one using a wind turbine generator and one a piezoelectric wind energy harvester Covers thermal energy harvesting (TEH) from ambient heat sources with low temperature differences Presents two types of piezoelectric-based vibration energy harvesting systems to harvest impact or impulse forces from a human pressing a button or switch action Examines hybrid energy harvesting approaches that augment the reliability of the wireless sensor node’s operation Discusses a hybrid wind and solar energy harvesting scheme to simultaneously use both energy sources and therefore extend the lifetime of the wireless sensor node Explores a hybrid of indoor ambient light and TEH scheme that uses only one power management circuit to condition the combined output power harvested from both energy sources Although the author focuses on small-scale energy harvesting, the systems discussed can be upsized to large-scale renewable energy harvesting systems. The book goes beyond theory to explore practical applications that not only solve real-life energy issues but pave the way for future work in this area.