Equity Investment In Privately Financed Projects

This report examines the risks and rewards for private equity investors in government private finance projects. The Private Finance Initiative (PFI) model has been used by governments in some 700 projects over the last 20 years but defects, including failures to demonstrate the value for money case satisfactorily, the use of long inflexible contracts and the costly contracting process, and inefficient pricing of equity have made continuing with the current model unsustainable. The Treasury is currently reviewing the PFI model. It needs to improve flexibility in the way that private finance is used, establishing quicker and more efficient procurement procedures and achieving a better balance between investors' risks and their rewards. Private finance should only be used where it secures real value for money for the taxpayer, not because of definitional statistical incentives to get projects off the balance sheet (only some 20% of long term PFI liabilities are recorded as debt in the national accounts). Business cases must be an unbiased and transparent assessment of the best form of procurement for the particular project being undertaken, taking account of expected tax receipts from alternative options and not adjusting assumptions to bias the outcome of the assessment. The Treasury needs to collect data on investors' experiences and use this information to assess and challenge investors' returns. There needs to be greater transparency over the pricing of contracts, and inefficiencies which add to the cost of private deals, such as long procurement times, need to be addressed.

Banks or bondholders provide around 90 per cent of the project funding for a PFI project on the condition that the remaining money is provided by the investors as risk capital or equity, which will be lost first if the project runs into difficulty. However, the investors limit their risk by passing it to their contractors. In addition, the government is a very safe credit risk and many projects such as hospitals and schools are repeat projects. This report identifies three potential inefficiencies in the pricing of equity. These are the time and costs of bidding; minimum rates set by investors, which sometimes do not reflect the actual risks the project will face; and bank requirements. It concludes that, generally, public sector authorities have not been equipped with the skills and information required to challenge investors' proposed returns rigorously. The NAO shows how further analysis during the bidding process would help authorities to assess the reasonableness of the investor returns. Some investors in successful projects have gone on to sell shares in their equity to release capital and fund new projects. Analysis has shown that investors selling shares early have typically earned annual returns of between 15 per cent and 30 per cent. The Treasury should use its current review of PFI to consider alternative investment models that limit the potential for very high investor returns in relation to risk

This paper investigates the emerging global landscape for public-private co-investments in infrastructure. The creation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and other so-called “infrastructure investment platforms” are an attempt to tap into the pool of both public and private long-term savings in order to channel the latter into much needed infrastructure projects. This paper puts these new initiatives into perspective by critically reviewing the literature and experience with public private partnerships in infrastructure. It concludes by identifying the main challenges policy makers and other actors will need to confront going forward and to turn infrastructure into an asset class of its own.

This book examines some of the key policy, financial and managerialaspects of public-private partnerships within the context of theglobal spread of this form of procurement. The chapters investigate political and institutional issuessurrounding PPPs, together with the financial and managerialstrategies employed by the private sector. Adopting across-disciplinary perspective, the book highlights the oftenpolitically sensitive nature of these projects and identifies aneed for the private sector to investigate a broad set ofparameters which relate to the particular political economy ofindividual partnerships. Policy, Finance & Management for Public-Private Partnershipscovers a range of specific issues, including: partnerships indeveloping countries; innovation in partnership-based procurement;government and business interaction; institutional andorganisational approaches to facilitating partnership; project andcorporate financing; risk and value management; market analysis,modelling and forecasting; capital structure decisions andmanagement; investment theory and practice; pricing and costevaluation; statutory regulations and their financial implications;option pricing; financial monitoring; syndicate funding; new rolesfor the financial and insurance sectors; institutional andmultilateral funding; payment mechanisms; concession perioddetermination; risk analysis and management; whole life valuemethodology; cost comparators and best value; team building, teamwork and skill development. Contributions from Australia, Europe, the Far East, South Africaand the United States together present the current thinking andstate-of-the-art approaches to public-private partnerships.

Seminar paper from the year 2015 in the subject Economics - Finance, grade: 1,3, , language: English, abstract: The competitiveness and the ability of economic growth and the local living standards are closely related to a country’s infrastructure quality and volume. After World War II, in Europe huge investments in infrastructure, such as roads, railways or hospitals were traditionally financed by public sources, such as tax revenues, over-printing of money or borrowings. Today, especially in the developing countries there is a huge demand for infrastructure investments. There exist so-called “infrastructure gaps”: In order to improve the standard of living and the attractiveness of a country and econ-omy, the segments of transport, electricity generation, transmission as well as water and telecommunications are essential. The main problem for governments is that Infrastructure projects within these segments usually have a huge extent and require a lot of capital, which often is not available. The OECD estimates that there exists a global infrastructure investment requirement of 71 trillion dollars by the year 2030 only to improve the basic infrastructure. But also in Europe there is an important demand for infrastructure investments. Today, post financial crisis, the TEN-T pro-gram which started in 2014 and also the energy distribution networks or the power plants will require very huge amounts of capital in the coming years and decades, while the political and economic situation is rather uncertain. The forms of financing projects like the above mentioned have changed substantially: Over the past years and decades, severe budget constraints and inefficient manage-ment of infrastructure projects by public entities have led to an increased involvement of private investors in the business of infrastructure financing. This development has attached more and more importance to concrete strategies of private financing forms or partnerships. In recent years this private funding has increasingly taken the form of project finance. So there are basically the following questions: What exactly is project finance, how can a partnership between a public and a private entity be es-tablished and how can this construct help to solve the problem of the mentioned infrastructure gap? The scope of project finance, the different forms and the critical success factors and the meaning for infrastructure finance are the subject of this assignment.

- Project finance as a tool for financing infrastructure projects - Public finance for infrastructure projects - Financial instruments - Financial engineering - Restructuring projects - Financial markets - The concession or build-own-operate-transfer (BOOT) procurement strategy - The private finance initiative - Challenges and opportunities for infrastructure development in developing countries - Financial institutions - Privatisation as a method of financing infrastructure projects - Typical risks in the procurement of infrastructure projects - Mechanism for risk management and its application to risks in private finance initiative projects - Insurance and bonding - Case study of a toll bridge project - Case study on managing project financial risks utilising financial engineering techniques

The past five years have raised some serious new challenges, capital surplus, a global pandemic, debt crises, and a global economic crisis. While the responses to these challenges are complex, the fundamentals remain the same. Infrastructure remains a moral and economic imperative, as well as a good investment. However, many governments that would like to increase their infrastructure investment have limited capital, with infrastructure facing stiff competition from alternative uses of public funds. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are part of a fundamental, global shift in the role of government – from being the direct provider of public services to becoming the planner, facilitator, contract manager and/or regulator who ensures that local services are available, reliable, meet key quality standards, and are affordable for users and the economy. This rich and practical book, now in its fourth edition, shows how the private sector (through – PPPs) can provide more efficient procurement through cheaper, faster, and better quality; refocus infrastructure services on service delivery, consumer satisfaction and life cycle maintenance; and provide new sources of innovation, technological advances and investment, including through limited recourse debt (i.e., project financing). This book provides a practical guide to PPP in all the following ways and more: how governments can enable, encourage and manage PPP; financing of new and existing infrastructure; designing and implementing PPP contractual structures; and most importantly, how to balance PPP risk allocation in practice. Specific discussion of each infrastructure sector (including local government) is provided. Lawyers and business people, engineers, development specialists, banking and insurance professionals, and academics will all find this book a useful guide for planning, designing and implementing PPP projects and programmes.

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