Ethnic Nationalism And The Fall Of Empires Central Europe The Middle East And Russia 1914 23

Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires is a wide-ranging comparative study of the origins of today's ethnic politics in East Central Europe, the former Russian empire and the Middle East. Centred on the First World War Era, Ethnic Nationalism highlights the roles of historical contingency and the ordeal of total war in shaping the states and institutions that supplanted the great multinational empires after 1918. It explores how the fixing of new political boundaries and the complex interplay of nationalist elites and popular forces set in motion bitter ethnic conflicts and political disputes, many of which are still with us today. Topics discussed include: * the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian empire * the ethnic dimension of the Russian Revolution and Soviet state building * Nationality issues in the late Ottoman empire * the origins of Arab nationalism * ethnic politics in zones of military occupation * the construction of Czechoslovak and Yugoslav identities Ethnic Nationalism is an invaluable survey of the origins of twentieth-century ethnic politics. It is essential reading for those interested in the politics of ethnicity and nationalism in modern European and Middle Eastern history.

A study of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution from the perspectives of Arabs, Armenians, and Jews. The Ottoman revolution of 1908 is a study in contradictions—a positive manifestation of modernity intended to reinstate constitutional rule, yet ultimately a negative event that shook the fundamental structures of the empire, opening up ethnic, religious, and political conflicts. Shattered Dreams of Revolution considers this revolutionary event to tell the stories of three important groups: Arabs, Armenians, and Jews. The revolution raised these groups’ expectations for new opportunities of inclusion and citizenship. But as post-revolutionary festivities ended, these euphoric feelings soon turned to pessimism and a dramatic rise in ethnic tensions. The undoing of the revolutionary dreams could be found in the very foundations of the revolution itself. Inherent ambiguities and contradictions in the revolution’s goals and the reluctance of both the authors of the revolution and the empire’s ethnic groups to come to a compromise regarding the new political framework of the empire ultimately proved untenable. The revolutionaries had never been wholeheartedly committed to constitutionalism, thus constitutionalism failed to create a new understanding of Ottoman citizenship, grant equal rights to all citizens, and bring them under one roof in a legislative assembly. Today as the Middle East experiences another set of revolutions, these early lessons of the Ottoman Empire, of unfulfilled expectations and ensuing discontent, still provide important insights into the contradictions of hope and disillusion seemingly inherent in revolution. Praise for Shattered Dreams of Revolution “The sad fate of revolutions, from moments of euphoria and hope through the descent into authoritarianism, has seldom been told as persuasively as in this unique book. Bedross Der Matossian offers the stories of three peoples—Armenians, Arabs, and Jews—who greeted the 1908 Young Turk revolution with joy and optimism, only to find their expectations of liberation and modernity quickly turn into disillusion and brutal bloodletting.” —Ronald Grigor Suny, The University of Michigan “Bedross Der Matossian explains with new historical evidence why and how the Young Turk revolution ultimately failed to attract Armenians, Jews, and Arabs to its cause. He makes a genuine contribution to our understanding of ethno-religious conflict and nationalism, suggesting interesting parallels with the failings of today’s Middle East revolutions.” —Philip S. Khoury, Massachusetts Institute of Technology “A masterly account of the Young Turk Revolution . . . . Few scholars have devised such a stimulating and a multivocal framework for understanding the post-1908 realities that shaped the last Ottoman decade” —Eyal Ginio, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Nationalism is nothing less than a psychological self destruction. When one goes beyond the need of identity, a strong sense of security and wellbeing often demonstrates in confidence and self control resulting in showing empathy and trust in others. Trust and empathy unite our societies, while fear, low self esteem, anxiety and primitivism as well as an illusion of control results in new nations, new religions, new states and countries, rarely without bloody wars and human suffering. To conclude, nationalism is nothing more than a self esteem of fools, a very dangerous cognitive or psychological error created by our faulty thinking patterns. So far it caused nothing more than horrible, irreversable and devastating damage to human race. Einstein was wrong when he sad that nationalism is just an infantile disease, in my eyes, nationalism is not only an illusion with no future, it is the cancer to human race. I am shocked by the fact that every second two people die from war conflict around the globe, while cancer takes a life every 14 seconds. Nationalism is constantly promoted and on the rise, even 28 times more deadlier than cancer. As a rational human being I felt the urge to write this book which will hopefully create an impact on the humanity and save lives of many. As mentioned earlier in my previous books, fight against the nature is the mission impossible, however, we all must give our best in that regard. In Hemingway’s novel, The old man and sea, an old fisherman Santiago didn’t give up fighting the nature and I think we should all follow his steps at all costs.

Civil War in Central Europe argues that Polish independence after the First World War was forged in the fires of the post-war conflicts which should be collectively referred to as the Central European Civil War (1918-1921). The ensuing violence forced those living in European border regions to decide on their national identity - German or Polish.

本书是一本以中国1911-1917年间的政治大转型为研究对象的宪政史著作，探讨中国在多民族王朝国家瓦解、帝国主义列强环峙、军事力量控制权高度分散化、政治精英高度分化的恶劣环境中艰难的共和建设历程，并试图重构二十世纪中国政治史的叙事。

Introduction: Austria and modernity -- 1815-1835: restoration and procrastination -- 1835-1851: revolution and reaction -- 1852-1867: transformation -- 1867-1879: liberalization -- 1879-1897: nationalization -- 1897-1914: modernization -- 1914-1918: self-destruction -- Conclusion: Central Europe and the paths not taken

A team of some of the world's most distinguished First World War historians chart the causes, course, and profound political and human consequences of a conflict that changed the world