Factors Influencing Entrepreneurship

Due to the 2008-2009 crisis, the United Nations 2030 agenda for sustainable development, and the COVID-19 pandemic, the role of entrepreneurship has become more critical in most economies. Moreover, emerging protectionist policies are further encouraging the emergence of new entrepreneurial projects, particularly to replace goods and services traditionally provided by other countries. Understanding current challenges and best practices in nascent entrepreneurship is integral for the successful launching of new ventures to support the revitalization of economies and achieve sustainability. The Handbook of Research on Nascent Entrepreneurship and Creating New Ventures is a crucial reference source that covers the latest empirical research findings in the field of entrepreneurship and addresses the obstacles entrepreneurs face in these recent challenging times. The book embraces a pluralistic perspective from academicians currently navigating nascent entrepreneurship and key concepts for launching successful new ventures. Covering topics that include government support programs, spin-off companies, leadership, strategic entrepreneurship, and crowdfunding, this book is targeted towards entrepreneurs, professionals, academicians, researchers, and students.

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2011 in the subject Business economics - Offline Marketing and Online Marketing, grade: First, Roehampton University London (Business School), course: BSc. International Business, language: English, abstract: This research investigates in what context national culture, personality traits and external influences have an impact on entrepreneurial activity. The cross-cultural research has been conducted in Germany and the UK. Two sets of questionnaires, issued in German and English language, have been distributed to entrepreneurs in both countries. 117 replies have been qualified for the research analysis. The research has identified similarities of both countries in key traits of entrepreneurial behaviour such as assertiveness, emphasis on work goals and materialism. In addition, differences in cultural characteristics could be detected. Germany showed to be less risk loving as the UK that can be reflected by the higher level of bureaucracy. Gender, bureaucracy and financial issues have been established as main entry barriers and threats of business start-ups. Recommendations have been drawn from the survey and it has been proposed that a simplification of bureaucracy in Germany due to an elimination of the ‘advance return for tax on sales and purchases’ would support entrepreneurs in the business start up stage. Additionally, it has been suggested that a decrease of taxation for angel and venture investors would create additional financial support for entrepreneurs.

Economic growth and development have been the object of thousands of studies for centuries. Researchers are seeking the best explanation of that phenomenon both for pure epistemic and decision making purposes. Different studies concentrate on various dimensions of the economic development process, in particular: time (universal and specific); area (general or for the whole economy); and entity (economy, branch or company). Economic development is often expressed in terms of productivity or general welfare (income, production). Recent decades abound in research, not only on the relation between economic development and its factors, but also on the exploration of the roots of development determinants themselves. The articles presented in this issue refer to three factors of economic growth (broadly defined as): innovation, entrepreneurship, and other psychological elements of human and social capital covering all dimensions mentioned earlier. In the first article, the research program of modeling the Schumpeterian vision of innovative development in the Arrow-Debreu theory of general equilibrium is extended. Agnieszka Lipieta and Andrzej Malawski model the mechanisms of Schumpeterian evolution in the conceptual apparatus of Hurwicz’s theory of economic mechanisms. The paper aims at the comparative analysis of two types of mechanisms distinguished within Schumpeterian evolution: the innovative evolution mechanism as well as the adopting mechanism. Due to both the formal conceptual apparatus of the general equilibrium theory and Hurwicz’s approach to the problem of designing economic mechanisms, the paper takes the form of the axiomatic-deductive system of mathematical theorems interpreted in the language of economics. In the next article, Anna Golejewska examines the innovativeness of enterprises in 69 Polish NUTS3 sub-regions in 2014. The analysis is based on unpublished regional data of the Polish Central Statistical Office covering the following variables: share of enterprises which have incurred outlays for innovative activities, share of enterprises implementing process or product innovations, share of companies collaborating in the field of innovation, and share of new or modernized products in total production sold in industrial companies. The analysis is focused on building rankings and cluster analysis of the NUTS3 regions. The research method applied by the Author is composed of selected techniques of multidimensional comparative analysis, principal component analysis and the hierarchical Ward’s method. The results show substantial differences among NUTS3 sub-regions with regard to the innovativeness of enterprises. The focus of the next study is the innovativeness of a particular industry. Manuel González-López analyses the competitive and innovative trajectories followed by the canned fish industry in recent times. The article is based on four case studies from the Galician industry in Spain, which comprises the largest share of the European canned fish sector. At least four different innovation patterns are found in the industry. The first pattern is a conservative one where innovation is seen as a risk and therefore maintaining current routines is the chosen option. The second pattern has been defined as “large retailer-dominated” and is followed by companies that have signed exclusive agreements with large retailers, which increasingly determine most of their innovation activities. The third strategy is explained as “territory-orientated,” since product innovation and incorporation of quality distinctions based on the territory are the main innovation drivers. The last distinguished type is an “ecological or nature-orientated” innovation strategy where meeting ecological normative requirements are the main innovation driver. The last article regarding innovativeness is also focused on a specific industry, namely the Swedish agriculture industry. Jennie Cederholm Björklund states, that although research shows that sustainable business model innovation (SBMI) contributes to the creation of sustainable businesses and to the development of a sustainable society, Swedish agriculture has not been at the forefront in the use of SBMI. The purpose of the study is to examine the barriers to SBMI in Swedish agriculture, in order to understand why farmers seldom engage in SBMI. This qualitative study follows the Gioia methodology. The data for the analysis was acquired in semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs at six family farms in Sweden. The paper makes a theoretical contribution to the research on SBMI with its focus on sustainable entrepreneurship in the Swedish agricultural industry. The paper concludes that the barriers to SBMI are external, internal, and contextual, where the internal are the largest and most challenging. The next two articles relate to the other factor of economic development, specifically to entrepreneurship. In both cases, young people’ (students’) attitudes and behavior were examined. Krzysztof Zięba and Jakub Golik present abrief overview of entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) research and pose the question whether the ESE of Polish students can serve as an early predictor of their subsequent entrepreneurial activities, potentially leading them to nascent entrepreneurship. The research material was collected from SEAS (Survey on Entrepreneurial Attitudes of Students) Project carried out at the Faculty of Management and Economics, Gdańsk University of Technology. The research sample was composed of 72 students. ESE was measured in a pre-post setting using a single item based on a five-point Likert scale. One of the research conclusions is that ESE manifested by students-beginners seems to influence their later entrepreneurial behavior in a statistically significant way - potentially making ESE a valuable early predictor of future entrepreneurial activities. In the concluding part, the study limitations are discussed and future study developments are indicated. Students’ perception of the level of an entrepreneur’s structural, relational and cognitive social capital is the object of Paweł Ziemiański study. The research involved a group of 374 undergraduate business students from a Polish university as participants. It was found that participants assessed the level of an entrepreneur’s social capital as relatively low. Due to the fact that social capital and its different dimensions serve different purposes in the process of venture creation, the obtained result can be considered alarming. It suggests that it is necessary to review and design activities facilitating the development of an entrepreneurial culture in Poland. Two further studies are related to personal traits and their influence on working behavior and productivity. The purpose of the article of Muhammad Nawaz, Ghulam Abbas Bhatti, Ahmad Shahbaz and Ahmed Zeshan is twofold: to examine the relationship and impact of peer-relationship on organizational commitment by means of and without the moderating role of psychological capital and to examine the association of organizational culture and organizational commitment, similarly, by way of and without the moderating effect of psychological capital. This study is cross-sectional by nature in which data were collected from the operational staff of Pakistan railways. While investigating the moderating impact of psychological capital on the association of peer relationship and organizational commitment, it was found that psychological capital strengthens the relationship of peer relationship and organizational commitment; and also strengthens the relationship of organizational culture and organizational commitment as well. The research topic of the last article is to examine the utility of the fivefactor model of Costa and McCrae in the context of life insurance industry effectiveness, from both theoretical and practical perspectives. The research is based on the case study of the four largest life insurance companies 796 most effective agents. Results imply the existence of a positive correlation between the level of the selected personality trait intensities and the life insurance agent’s sales efficiency. Moreover, levels of the personality traits of “openness to experience,” “consciousness,” “agreeableness” and “neuroticism” are the predictors of life insurance company effectiveness, and there are fundamentals for induction to be appropriate for the whole retail financial sector human resources management system. The Guest Editors of this publication would like to thank all of the authors for presenting their valuable research which constitutes an interesting representation of a contemporary approach to the sources of socio-economic development. At the same time, they would like to thank all the reviewers who have contributed to improving the articles for this quarterly issue of JEMI and to continuing the high standards of the magazine. We hope the articles presented here in this issue will prove to be compelling reading to scholars all over the world and inspire them on to further research on innovativeness, entrepreneurship and psychological traits affecting productivity.

Necessity entrepreneurs are individuals in developing countries who start small enterprises out of necessity. While they range from street sellers to educated hopefuls with little access to formal employment, the one thing that unites them is the need

The content for this book has been carefully selected and organized to provide an integrated learning approach to business studies.

Learn the true process of a successful entrepreneur with Introduction to Entrepreneurship, 8/e International Edition Presenting the most current thinking in this explosive field, this renowned entrepreneurship text provides a practical, step-by-step approach that makes learning easy. Using exercises and case presentations, you can apply your own ideas and develop useful entrepreneurial skills. Cases and examples found throughout the text present the new venture creations or corporate innovations that permeate the world economy today. This book will be your guide to understanding the entrepreneurial challenges of tomorrow.

Diploma Thesis from the year 2005 in the subject Business economics - Company formation, Business Plans, grade: very good "A", Aachen University of Applied Sciences (School of Management; George Mason University ), 22 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: In dependence on the definition of entrepreneurship as the "creation of a new enterprise" as suggested by Low & MacMillan (1988: 141), this paper focuses on factors influencing the individual, or a group of individuals to start a new company. An extensive review of the literature suggests that the decision to create a new venture is influenced by a number of variables that are examined in this paper. First, the role of the individual in the venture creation process will be portrayed. It is found that personal factors are directly related to the venture creation decision. Second, as the individual faces several unforeseen challenges when deciding to start up a new business, environmental support plays a crucial role in compensating for the inherent risks of starting a new business. Thirdly, the role of culture will be appraised by showing that culture can have both a direct and a moderating effect on the individual's role in the creation decision process. The final part of the paper will integrate these three described factors into a new theoretical framework. It will be shown that the creation to start a new business depends on the individual, environmental support and the overarching culture. In addition, this new framework will introduce an individual's self-efficacy, motivation, and networking activities as necessary and critical components of the venture creation process. Based on empirical evidence from prior research it will be illustrated that networking plays a fundamental part in the venture creation decision process and that it follows a similar pattern across different cultures.

The Economic Benefits and Costs of Entrepreneurship examines to what extent recent empirical evidence can collectively and systematically substantiate the claim of the economic benefits of entrepreneurship. The authors review the empirical literature and provide an answer to the question "what is the contribution of entrepreneurs to the economy in comparison to their counterparts?" Using four measures, the authors quantify the economic benefits of entrepreneurs along the following parameters -- employment generation and dynamics, innovation, productivity and growth, and the role of entrepreneurship in increasing individuals' utility levels. The Economic Benefits and Costs of Entrepreneurship is the first review of the primary empirical literature in this area. More precisely, it is the first review of high quality economics and management studies, focusing on various types of contributions that entrepreneurs can make to the economy in terms of quantifiable measures and evaluating the entrepreneurs' performance in these areas relative to their counterparts.