From Right To Reality

This study highlights the interaction between social protection (SP) programs and labor markets in the Latin America region. It presents new evidence on the limited coverage of existing programs and emphasizes the challenges caused by high informality for achieving universal social protection for old age income, health, unemployment risks and anti-poverty safety nets. It identifies interaction effects between SP programs and the behavioral responses of workers, firms and social protection providers, which can further undermine efforts to expand coverage, summarizing evidence from recent work across the region. The book argues for a re-design of financing to eliminate cross subsidies between members of contributory programs and subsidies that effectively tax income from formal employment. It advocates well-targeted, tax-funded, tapered subsidies to provide incentives to the savings efforts of low-income workers, coupled with an effective safety net for the extreme poor who have no capacity to contribute to financing their own social protection arrangements. It also argues for the consolidation of programs and harmonization of benefits packages across different insurers. The book develops an overall conceptual framework and presents in-depth analysis of the main SP sectors of pensions, health, unemployment insurance and labor market programs, and safety net transfers.

In the last six decades, one of the most striking developments in international law is the emergence of a massive body of legal norms and procedures aimed at protecting human rights. In many countries, though, there is little relationship between international law and the actual protection of human rights on the ground. Making Human Rights a Reality takes a fresh look at why it's been so hard for international law to have much impact in parts of the world where human rights are most at risk. Emilie Hafner-Burton argues that more progress is possible if human rights promoters work strategically with the group of states that have dedicated resources to human rights protection. These human rights "stewards" can focus their resources on places where the tangible benefits to human rights are greatest. Success will require setting priorities as well as engaging local stakeholders such as nongovernmental organizations and national human rights institutions. To date, promoters of international human rights law have relied too heavily on setting universal goals and procedures and not enough on assessing what actually works and setting priorities. Hafner-Burton illustrates how, with a different strategy, human rights stewards can make international law more effective and also safeguard human rights for more of the world population.

Making Rights a Reality? explores the way in which disability activists in the United Kingdom and Canada have transformed their aspirations into legal claims in their quest for equality. It unpacks shifting conceptualizations of the political identity of disability and the role of a rights discourse in these dynamics. In doing so, it delves into the diffusion of disability rights among grassroots organizations and the traditional disability charities. The book draws on a wealth of primary sources including court records and campaign documents and encompassing interviews with more than sixty activists and legal experts. While showing that the disability rights movement has had a significant impact on equality jurisprudence in two countries, the book also demonstrates that the act of mobilizing rights can have consequences, both intended and unintended, for social movements themselves.

This book is a whistle blower to the world that the long uncompromising denial of gay marriage rights is now becoming a global reality. The struggle between gay activists and homophobia against samesex marriage had almost come to an end with religious groups and politicians losing the battle. This became possible as a result of gay aggressive activists of public pressure, for these minority group with different sexual identity that has awaken the world bodies, like the United Nations, the European parliament, and the United States of America. To date the international community has recognized that gay rights, are human rights, and human rights are gay rights, and has to be accepted globally. This signals the end of violence against [LGBT] people based on sexual orientation, and gender identity. Since the law is now on the side of gay for protection. The book reflects the efforts of gay rights activists and achievement they have made in recognition of gay marriage by the international bodies, starting with Europe, with the first gay marriage in Netherlands, followed by Belgium, Norway, Spain, and Portugal, etc, Samesex marriage in the united states is not federally recognized, but such marriages are becoming more and more recognized by many states.

Many theories and propositions have been advanced on the tacit assumption that international law encompasses the protection of human rights. Very few, if any, question the validity of this position. Here is a book that does. Theory and Reality in the International Protection of Human Rights presents a defense of the traditional theory of international law-based on a decentralized nation-state system of international relation—as being more appropriate for the analysis of its subject than more recent variants that allow for supranational redress at an increasingly personal level. In particular, Professor Watson shows how the proponents of the international human rights regime persistently use a legislative mode of reasoning, and how international law cannot sustain this technique. He holds that violation of the right to life is best adjudicated within a customary system, and concludes that the validity of the norms of international human rights has yet to be demonstrated. Published under the Transnational Publishers imprint.