Gace

Examines the poetic device in the Old French lyrics of the trouvere poet and composer, who flourished about 1200. Combines quantitative and qualitative approaches, beginning with a statistical analysis of the poems' structure and rhyme words to establish the rules governing the expression in the poetic system. Then surveys such themes as singing and saying, loyalty and disloyalty, joy and grief, and life and death. Includes translations and the original text of excerpts. Probably a revised Ph.D. dissertation. No subject index. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

Now you can keep construction design exposure to a minimum! Prepared for design and construction professionals and their attorneys, this comprehensive, up-to-date resource is written by eminent authorities in the field. Architect and Engineer Liability: Claims Against Design Professionals, Fourth Edition details all relevant topics: risk management, alternative dispute resolution, trial conduct, handling shop drawings, insurance and surety, and more. You'll get straightforward answers to all your legal questions, as well as examples of the valuable lessons learned by leading design and construction experts.

Cirrus Test Prep's GACE Program Admission Study Guide: Exam Prep and Practice Test Questions for the GACE Program Admission Tests (200, 201, 202, 700) will provide you with a detailed overview of the GACE Program Admission Exam, so you know exactly what to expect on test day. We'll take you through all the concepts covered on the test and give you the opportunity to test your knowledge with GACE Program Admission practice questions. Even if it's been a while since you last took a major test, don't worry; we'll make sure you're more than ready Cirrus Test Prep's GACE Program Admission Study Guide: Exam Prep and Practice Test Questions for the GACE Program Admission Tests (200, 201, 202, 700) includes: A comprehensive REVIEW of: READING Reading Skills WRITING Language and Research Skills Writing the Essay MATHEMATICS Numbers and Operations Algebra Geometry Statistics and Probability ...as well as a FULL GACE Program Admission practice test. About Cirrus Test Prep Developed by experienced current and former educators, Cirrus Test Prep's study materials help future educators gain the skills and knowledge needed to successfully pass their state-level teacher certification exams and enter the classroom. Each Cirrus Test Prep study guide includes: a detailed summary of the test's format, content, and scoring; an overview of the content knowledge required to pass the exam; worked-through sample questions with answers and explanations; full-length practice tests including answer explanations; and unique test-taking strategies with highlighted key concepts. Cirrus Test Prep's study materials ensure that new educators feel prepared on test day and beyond.

This book looks at the interplay between criminal and other branches of public law pursuing similar objectives (referred to as 'quasi-criminal law'). The need for clarifying the concepts and the interlink between criminal and quasi-criminal enforcement is a topic attracting a lot of discussion and debate both in academia and practice across Europe (and beyond). This volume adds to this debate by bringing to light the substantive and procedural problems stemming from the current parallel or dual use of the different enforcement systems. The collection draws on expertise from academia, practice and policy; its high-quality analysis will appeal to scholars, practitioners and policymakers alike.

Song, Landscape, and Identity in Medieval Northern France offers a new perspective on how medieval song expressed relationships between people and their environments. Informed by environmental history and harnessing musicological and ecocritical approaches, author Jennifer Saltzstein draws connections between the nature imagery that pervades songs written by the trouvères of northern France to the physical terrain and climate of the lands on which their authors lived. In doing so, she analyzes the different ways in which composers' lived environments related to their songs and categorizes their use of nature imagery as realistic, aspirational, or nostalgic. Demonstrating a cycle of mutual impact between nature and culture, Saltzstein argues that trouvère songs influenced the ways particular groups of medieval people defined their identities, encouraging them to view themselves as belonging to specific landscapes. The book offers close readings of love songs, pastourelles, motets, and rondets from the likes of Gace Brulé, Adam de la Halle, Guillaume de Machaut, and many others. Saltzstein shows how their music-text relationships illuminate the ways in which song helped to foster identities tied to specific landscapes among the knightly classes, the clergy, aristocratic women, and peasants. By connecting social types to topographies, trouvère songs and the manuscripts in which they were preserved presented models of identity for later generations of songwriters, performers, listeners, patrons, and readers to emulate, thereby projecting into the future specific ways of being on the land. Written in the long thirteenth century during the last major era of climate change, trouvère songs, as Saltzstein demonstrates, shape our understanding of how identity formation has rested on relationships between nature, culture, and change.

Is birdsong music? The most frequent answer to this question in the Middle Ages was resoundingly "no." In Sung Birds, Elizabeth Eva Leach traces postmedieval uses of birdsong within Western musical culture. She first explains why such melodious sound was not music for medieval thinkers and then goes on to consider the ontology of music, the significance of comparisons between singers and birds, and the relationship between art and nature as enacted by the musical performance of late-medieval poetry. If birdsong was not music, how should we interpret the musical depiction of birdsong in human music-making? What does it tell us about the singers, their listeners, and the moral status of secular polyphony? Why was it the fourteenth century that saw the beginnings of this practice, continued to this day in the music of Messiaen and others?Leach explores medieval arguments about song, language, and rationality whose basic terms survive undiminished into the present. She considers not only lyrics that have their singers voice the songs or speech of birds but also those that represent other natural, nonmusical, sounds such as human cries or the barks of dogs. The dangerous sweetness of birdsong was invoked in discussions of musical ethics, which, because of the potential slippage between irrational beast and less rational woman in comparisons with rational human masculinity, depict women's singing as less than fully human. Leach's argument comes full circle with the advent of sound recording. This technological revolution-like its medieval equivalent, the invention of the music book-once again made the relationship between music and nature an acute preoccupation of Western culture.