Hadron Physics

Straddling the traditional disciplines of nuclear and particle physics, hadron physics is a vital and extremely active research area, as evidenced by a 2004 Nobel prize and new research facilities, such as that scheduled to open at CERN. Scientifically it is of vital importance in extrapolating our knowledge of quark-gluon physics at the sub-nucleon level to provide a wider perspective of strongly interacting hadrons, which make up the vast bulk of known matter in the Universe. Through detailed, pedagogical chapters contributed by key international experts, Hadron Physics maps out our contemporary knowledge of the subject. It covers both the theoretical and experimental aspects of hadron structure and properties along with a wide range of specific research topics, results, and applications. Providing a full picture of activity in the field, the book highlights three particular areas of current research: computational lattice hadron physics, the structure and dynamics of hadrons, and generalized parton distributions. It provides a solid introduction, includes background theory, and presents the current state of understanding of the subject.

This book begins with a brief historical review of the early applications of standard dispersion relations in particle physics. It then presents the modern perspective within the Standard Model, emphasizing the relation of analyticity together with alternative tools applied to strong interactions, such as perturbative and lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD), as well as chiral perturbation theory. The core of the book argues that, in order to improve the prediction of specific hadronic observables, it is often necessary to resort to methods of complex analysis more sophisticated than the simple Cauchy integral. Accordingly, a separate mathematical chapter is devoted to solving several functional analysis optimization problems. Their applications to physical amplitudes and form factors are discussed in the following chapters, which also demonstrate how to merge the analytic approach with statistical analysis tools. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable guide for researchers working in precision hadronic physics, as well as graduate students who are new to the field.

Straddling the traditional disciplines of nuclear and particle physics, hadron physics is a vital and extremely active research area, as evidenced by a 2004 Nobel prize and new research facilities, such as that scheduled to open at CERN. Scientifically it is of vital importance in extrapolating our knowledge of quark-gluon physics at the sub-nucleo

This volume of the International School of Physics Enrico Fermi is dedicated to Valerio Filippini. He devoted his life to physics. Valerio Filippini was born in Somma Lombardo (Milano) on December 8, 1958. He obtained the Master Degree in Physics at the University of Pavia in 1982, cum laude. After a working parenthesis at an industrial firm, he became Research Physicist of INFN, Sezione di Pavia, in 1988 and was promoted Senior Research Physicist in 1993. He participated to the experiments PS 179 (TOFRADUPP) and PS 201 (Obelix) at LEAR (CERN), FINUDA at LNF and ATHENA at AD (CERN). His outstanding scientific contributions were provided in the OBELIX and FINUDA experiments. Nobody could compete with Filippini in exploiting at best the daily-evoluting performances of the computing tools for the needs of the experiments, both for on-line and off-line purposes. The FINUDA experiment collected physics data immediately after the roll-in thanks to the reliability and simplicity of the on-line system designed and assembled by the physicist. However, he was not only a 'Clavier Physicist' but a complete Scientist: he also leaded the Pavia Group in designing and providing advanced detectors, and in developing mathematical methods for the analysis of the data. His scientific contributions are documented by about 90 publications on refereed international journals, about 100 contributions to International Conferences and Workshops, and 3 invited talks.

Valerio Filippini devoted his life to physics. His scientific contributions were provided in the OBELIX and FINUDA experiments. The FINUDA experiment collected physics data immediately after the roll-in, thanks to the reliability and simplicity of the on-line system designed and assembled by the physicist. This work is dedicated to him.

Lattice Hadron Physics draws upon the developments made in recent years in implementing chirality on the lattice via the overlap formalism. These developments exploit chiral effective field theory in order to extrapolate lattice results to physical quark masses, new forms of improving operators to remove lattice artefacts, analytical studies of finite-volume effects in hadronic observables, and state-of-the-art lattice calculations of excited resonances. This volume, comprised of selected lectures, is designed to assist those outside the field who want quickly to become literate in these topics. As such, it provides graduate students and experienced researchers in other areas of hadronic physics with the background through which they can appreciate, if not become active in, contemporary lattice-gauge theory and its applications to hadronic phenomena.

The NATO Advanced Summer Institute 1978 was held at Karlsruhe from Sept. 4 to Sept. 16. The title of the school "New Phenomena in Lepton and Hadron Physics" relates to the present very exciting phase in particle physics. An impressive amount of experimental data has been collected in support of a fundamental new picture of the subnuclear world, - a picture which has found its theoretical formulation in Que~tum Chromodynamics and Gau~ theories. It is a general philosophy of the ASI to address the courses mainly to young and learning scientists, hence our major objective was to offer systematic reviews of both, the experimental situa tion and the basic theoretical concepts of the field. This volume contains the written versions of the major lectures delivered during the course. In addition several lectures and seminars had been scheduled in which also more original and specialized subjects were discus sed by invited speakers and participants of the school. Not all of these contributions are contained in this book.

Soluble quantum field theory models are a rare commodity. An infinite number of degrees of freedom and noncompact invariance groups have a nasty habit of ex ploding in the model-makers' face. Nevertheless, impor tant progress has recently been made in the class of superrenormalizable relativistic theories, such as a self-interacting boson in a two-dimensional space time [ 1]. These results have been obtained starting with the free field and adding the interaction in a carefully controlled way. Yet, the models successfully studied in this way do DQ~ have an infinite field strength renormalization, which, at least according to perturbation theory, should appear for realistic relativistic models in four-dimensional space time. ~2~!Y~~!9n_~g_~h~_~gg~1 The ultralocal scalar field theories discussed in these lecture notes are likewise motivated by relativistic theories but are based on a different approximatiGn. This approximation formally amounts to dropping the spatial gradient term from the Hamiltonian rather than the non linear interaction. For a self-interacting boson field in a space-time of (s+l) dimensions (s~l), the classical ultralocal model Hamiltonian reads (1-1) The quantum theory of this model is the subject of the present paper. This model differs formally from a rela tivistic theory by the term f![Z~Cl(~)]2 d~ which, it is hoped, can, in one or another way, be added as a pertur 229 bation in the quantum theory. However, that still remains a problem for the future, and we confine our remarks to . . a careful study of the "unperturbed" model (1-1).