Hardware Security Primitives

This book provides an overview of current hardware security primitives, their design considerations, and applications. The authors provide a comprehensive introduction to a broad spectrum (digital and analog) of hardware security primitives and their applications for securing modern devices. Readers will be enabled to understand the various methods for exploiting intrinsic manufacturing and temporal variations in silicon devices to create strong security primitives and solutions. This book will benefit SoC designers and researchers in designing secure, reliable, and trustworthy hardware. Provides guidance and security engineers for protecting their hardware designs; Covers a variety digital and analog hardware security primitives and applications for securing modern devices; Helps readers understand PUF, TRNGs, silicon odometer, and cryptographic hardware design for system security.

This book provides a comprehensive coverage of hardware security concepts, derived from the unique characteristics of emerging logic and memory devices and related architectures. The primary focus is on mapping device-specific properties, such as multi-functionality, runtime polymorphism, intrinsic entropy, nonlinearity, ease of heterogeneous integration, and tamper-resilience to the corresponding security primitives that they help realize, such as static and dynamic camouflaging, true random number generation, physically unclonable functions, secure heterogeneous and large-scale systems, and tamper-proof memories. The authors discuss several device technologies offering the desired properties (including spintronics switches, memristors, silicon nanowire transistors and ferroelectric devices) for such security primitives and schemes, while also providing a detailed case study for each of the outlined security applications. Overall, the book gives a holistic perspective of how the promising properties found in emerging devices, which are not readily afforded by traditional CMOS devices and systems, can help advance the field of hardware security.

Hardware-intrinsic security is a young field dealing with secure secret key storage. By generating the secret keys from the intrinsic properties of the silicon, e.g., from intrinsic Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs), no permanent secret key storage is required anymore, and the key is only present in the device for a minimal amount of time. The field is extending to hardware-based security primitives and protocols such as block ciphers and stream ciphers entangled with the hardware, thus improving IC security. While at the application level there is a growing interest in hardware security for RFID systems and the necessary accompanying system architectures. This book brings together contributions from researchers and practitioners in academia and industry, an interdisciplinary group with backgrounds in physics, mathematics, cryptography, coding theory and processor theory. It will serve as important background material for students and practitioners, and will stimulate much further research and development.

This book provides the foundations for understanding hardware security and trust, which have become major concerns for national security over the past decade. Coverage includes security and trust issues in all types of electronic devices and systems such as ASICs, COTS, FPGAs, microprocessors/DSPs, and embedded systems. This serves as an invaluable reference to the state-of-the-art research that is of critical significance to the security of, and trust in, modern society’s microelectronic-supported infrastructures.

Frontiers in Hardware Security and Trust provides a comprehensive review of emerging security threats and privacy protection issues, and the versatile state-of-the-art hardware-based security countermeasures and applications proposed by the hardware security community.

Hardware Security: A Hands-On Learning Approach provides a broad, comprehensive and practical overview of hardware security that encompasses all levels of the electronic hardware infrastructure. It covers basic concepts like advanced attack techniques and countermeasures that are illustrated through theory, case studies and well-designed, hands-on laboratory exercises for each key concept. The book is ideal as a textbook for upper-level undergraduate students studying computer engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, and biomedical engineering, but is also a handy reference for graduate students, researchers and industry professionals. For academic courses, the book contains a robust suite of teaching ancillaries. Users will be able to access schematic, layout and design files for a printed circuit board for hardware hacking (i.e. the HaHa board) that can be used by instructors to fabricate boards, a suite of videos that demonstrate different hardware vulnerabilities, hardware attacks and countermeasures, and a detailed description and user manual for companion materials. Provides a thorough overview of computer hardware, including the fundamentals of computer systems and the implications of security risks Includes discussion of the liability, safety and privacy implications of hardware and software security and interaction Gives insights on a wide range of security, trust issues and emerging attacks and protection mechanisms in the electronic hardware lifecycle, from design, fabrication, test, and distribution, straight through to supply chain and deployment in the field

The explosive growth of computing platforms such as the Internet of Things (IoT) which is an amalgamation of highly complex, heterogeneous and interconnected hardware components has bridged the gap between the physical and the digital world. However, integrating such large number of devices involving humungous amounts of data has raised new system security concerns. Additionally, with an increasing globalization of semiconductor supply chain ecosystem ranging from gathering raw materials to manufacturing and testing, these electronic devices have become more vulnerable to external threats such as reverse engineering (RE), trojan insertion and side channel attacks due to the involvement of untrustworthy parties. Therefore, hardware security is becoming increasingly important for nearly all IoT platforms. While silicon-based complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) hardware security solutions have been demonstrated in the past, there is still room for improvement particularly in terms of area overheads and energy consumption. Therefore, interest in exploring out-of-the-box security solutions involving novel materials and device properties has grown tremendously. In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been intensely explored to mitigate these security challenges. This thesis demonstrates and discusses several innovative and area efficient hardware security primitives developed using unique properties of 2D-materials and their associated device phenomena. The thesis particularly focuses on implementing security primitives such as hardware camouflaging and true random number generators (TRNGs). In addition, the thesis provides an invaluable insight into the vulnerabilities of in-memory computing technology which can be manipulated to deliberate insert hardware trojan with a chip resulting in its severe malfunction. Finally, moving away from the hardware demonstrations, a new type of physically unclonable function (PUF) which exploits the spatiotemporal randomness found within the population of biological specimens such as T-cells is also presented. In the end, we address the constraints of this thesis at the current stage while presenting their mitigation strategies and offering futuristic perspective for enabling better and efficient hardware security primitives.