Human Capital Development In The People S Republic Of China And India

This report was prepared with the primary objective of drawing insights on how Asian economic giants India and the People's Republic of China leveraged education and skills development to advance economic growth. The analysis presented similarities and differences in human capital development strategies and their outcomes that helped define development pathways between the two countries. It also outlined the prospects for human capital development in the sustainability of the two countries' economic growth. The report was completed in 2014 under the Development Partnership Program for South Asia: Innovative Strategies for Accelerated Human Resource Development in South Asia (TA-6337 REG).

The economies of the People's Republic of China and India have seen dramatic growth in recent years. As their respective successes continue to reshape the world's economic landscape, noted Chinese and Indian scholars have studied the two countries' development paths, in particular their rich and diverse experiences in such areas as education, information technology, local entrepreneurship, capital markets, macroeconomic management, foreign direct investment, and state-owned enterprise reforms. Drawing on these studies, ADB has produced a timely collection of lessons learned that serves as a valuable refresher on the challenges and opportunities ahead for developing economies, especially those in Asia and the Pacific.

Human capital is an important factor for economic growth in South Asia. Between 1981 and 2010, human capital contributed about 22% of annual gross domestic product per worker growth in India. During the same period, it contributed around 21% in Bangladesh, and 16% in Sri Lanka. However, education and skills remain the binding constraint. Raising the quality of education and skills in South Asia's workforce can play a critical role in catching up to the level of development of the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Korea, and other successful Southeast Asian economies. This study reviews the development of human capital in South Asia and analyzes contributing factors to human development including policies and strategies that countries in South Asia follow.

Ch. 1. Why China is likely to achieve its growth objectives / Robert W. Fogel -- ch. 2. The contribution of health and education to economic growth in China / Dean T. Jamison, Lawrence J. Lau and Jia Wang -- ch. 3. Education, innovation and economic growth / Xiaoguang Chen -- ch. 4. Endogenous health care and life expectancy in a neoclassical growth model / Michael C. M. Leung and Yong Wang -- ch. 5. Demand for education in China / Gregory C. Chow and Yan Shen -- ch. 6. Human capital and educational demand in China : 2000-2030 / Xiaoying Zheng ... [et al.] -- ch. 7. Changes in the pattern of China's school enrollment rates between 1990 and 2000 / Rachel Connelly and Zhenzhen Zheng -- ch. 8. School attainment and cost of education in rural China / Linxiu Zhang ... [et al.] -- ch. 9. The educational consequences of migration for children in China / Zai Liang and Yiu Por Chen -- ch. 10. An economic analysis of health care in China / Gregory C. Chow -- ch. 11. A theoretical analysis for Chinese new rural cooperative medical system / H. Holly Wang -- ch. 12. Wealth, education and demand for medical care : evidence from rural China / Jin Feng, Bei Qin and Yangyang Yu -- ch. 13. Famine and overweight in China / Zhehui Luo, Ren Mu and Xiaobo Zhang -- ch. 14. Immunization uptake in China / Åke Blomqvist and Haoming Liu -- ch. 15. Changing health inequality in China : the role of relative income / Zhuo Chen, Steven T. Yen and David B. Eastwood -- ch. 16. The relationship between health and schooling / Michael Grossman -- ch. 17. Income productivity in China : on the role of health / Gordon G. Liu ... [et al.] -- ch. 18. Ill health and its potential influence on household consumptions in rural China / Hong Wang, Licheng Zhang and William Hsiao -- ch. 19. Wages and returns to education in Chinese cities / Dennis Tao Yang -- ch. 20. The external returns to education : evidence from Chinese cities / Zhiqiang Liu -- ch. 21. Discrimination and development : the case of beauty in China / Daniel S. Hamermesh, Xin Meng and Junsen Zhang.

This book presents a comprehensive analysis of the similarities and differences of contemporary human resource management systems, processes and practices in the two increasingly important economic great powers in Asia. It covers the full range of human resource management activities, including recruitment, retention, performance management, renumeration, and career development, discusses changing industrial relations systems, and sets the subject in its historical, social and cultural contexts. It examines newly emerging strategies, and asssesses the extent to which human resource management systems in the two countries are coverging or diverging.

Urbanization is one of the most important phenomena in economic development. In the past three decades, Asian urban populations expanded by almost one billion, a figure expected to double in the next three decades. Clearly, both the scale and pace of urbanization in Asia is unprecedented in human history and will dominate the global urbanization landscape. Asia's urbanization, in turn, is dominated by what is happening in China and India, the two most populous, fastest growing economies in the world. Cities of Dragons and Elephants: Urbanization and Urban Development in China and India aims at addressing the two most fundamental issues of urbanization: why and where to urbanize. Contributed by a team of top experts from both countries, it uses original research to explore both the speed and scale of urbanization and urban systems or spatial distribution of urbanities in different-sized citites. It examines various drivers of urbanization alongside the benefits and costs and the role of markets, governments, and NGOs. Cities of Dragons and Elephants presents evidence-based policy suggestions regarding the labor market, the land and housing market, FDI and the capital market, education, environment, poverty, and inequality. It uses the similarities betwen India and China to draw conclusions and implications of enormous relevance to many governments and institutions in Asia and beyond.

Democratizing educational access and building capacity in developing countries and amongst indigenous peoples in developed countries may be elusive but are hopeful goals. Many developing countries are striving to reengineer their incoherent education systems at a time when they are most vulnerable, particularly with susceptibility to natural disasters, political unrests, and economic instabilities (UNESCO, 2007). Similarly, indigenous peoples in developed countries are seeking more control over education as they consider the long?term effects of educational policies that have been forced on them. Research on education and social change in developing countries has a long history (Glewwe, 2002; Hanushek, 1995; Sider, 2011). However, there is limited research on educational capacity?building in developing countries such as Kenya, Honduras, Haiti, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Peru, China, and Thailand. Further, the educational frameworks by which Indigenous peoples (M?ori, Canada’s First Nations, and American Indian/Alaska Natives) have been educated have some significant similarities to those encountered in developing countries. The compilation of chapters illuminates research and collaborative initiatives between the authors and local leaders in developing countries’ and Indigenous peoples in developed countries’ efforts to solve the complexity of social inequities through educational access and quality learning. The authors draw on theoretical lens, knowledge bases, and strategies, and identify trends and developments to provide the scope of educational improvement in a globalization context (Brooks & Normore, 2010; Jean?Marie, Normore & Brooks, 2009).