Implantable Bioelectronics

Here the renowned editor Evgeny Katz has chosen contributions that cover a wide range of examples and issues in implantable bioelectronics, resulting in an excellent overview of the topic. The various implants covered include biosensoric and prosthetic devices, as well as neural and brain implants, while ethical issues, suitable materials, biocompatibility, and energy-harvesting devices are also discussed. A must-have for both newcomers and established researchers in this interdisciplinary field that connects scientists from chemistry, material science, biology, medicine, and electrical engineering.

Soft material-enabled electronics offer distinct advantage, over conventional rigid and bulky devices, for numerous wearable and implantable applications. Soft materials allow for seamless integration with skin and tissues due to enhanced mechanical flexibility and stretchability. Wearable devices, such as sensors, offer continuous, real-time monitoring of biosignals and movements, which can be applied in rehabilitation and diagnostics, among other applications. Soft implantable electronics offer similar functionalities, but with improved compatibility with human tissues. Biodegradable soft implantable electronics are also being developed for transient monitoring, such as in the weeks following surgery. To further advance soft electronics, materials, integration strategies, and fabrication techniques are being developed. This paper reviews recent progress in these areas, toward the development of soft material-enabled electronics for medicine, healthcare, and human-machine interfaces.

The Specialist Periodical Report Electrochemistry presents comprehensive and critical reviews in all aspects of the field, with contributions from across the globe, providing the reader with an informed digest of the most important research currently carried out in this field. Re-launching in 2015 with a new editorial team, Volume 13 returns to its roots and provides a wide range of topics written by leading experts researching at the forefront and heart of electrochemistry. The book covers topics such as control and structural analysis, and combines different approaches on utilizing light as a source for materials science. This volume is a key reference in the field of electrochemistry, allowing readers to become easily acquainted with the latest research trends.

This book highlights recent advances in soft and stretchable biointegrated electronics. A renowned group of authors address key ideas in the materials, processes, mechanics, and devices of soft and stretchable electronics; the wearable electronics systems; and bioinspired and implantable biomedical electronics. Among the topics discussed are liquid metals, stretchable and flexible energy sources, skin-like devices, in vitro neural recording, and more. Special focus is given to recent advances in extremely soft and stretchable bio-inspired electronics with real-world clinical studies that validate the technology. Foundational theoretical and experimental aspects are also covered in relation to the design and application of these biointegrated electronics systems. This is an ideal book for researchers, engineers, and industry professionals involved in developing healthcare devices, medical tools and related instruments relevant to various clinical practices.

Bioelectronics is emerging as a new area of research where electronics can selectively detect, record, and monitor physiological signals. This is a rapidly expanding area of medical research, that relies heavily on multidisciplinary technology development and cutting-edge research in chemical, biological, engineering, and physical science. This book provides extensive information on the (i) fundamental concepts of bioelectronics, (ii) materials for the developments of bioelectronics such as implantable electronics, self-powered devices, bioelectronic sensors, flexible bioelectronics, etc, and (iii) an overview of the trends and gathering of the latest bioelectronic progress. This book will broaden our knowledge about newer technologies and processes used in bioelectronics.

This book addresses the fundamental challenges underlying bioelectronics and tissue interface for clinical investigation. Appropriate for biomedical engineers and researchers, the authors cover topics ranging from retinal implants to restore vision, implantable circuits for neural implants, and intravascular electrochemical impedance to detect unstable plaques. In addition to these chapters, the authors also document the approaches and issues of multi-scale physiological assessment and monitoring in both humans and animal models for health monitoring and biological investigations; novel biomaterials such as conductive and biodegradable polymers to be used in biomedical devices; and the optimization of wireless power transfer via inductive coupling for batteryless and wireless implantable medical devices. In addition to engineers and researchers, this book is also an ideal supplementary or reference book for a number of courses in biomedical engineering programs, such as bioinstrumentation, MEMS/BioMEMS, bioelectronics and sensors, and more. Analyzes and discusses the electrode-tissue interfaces for optimization of biomedical devices. Introduces novel biomaterials to be used in next-generation biomedical devices. Discusses high-frequency transducers for biomedical applications.

The use of electronic devices in medical care is one of the main targets of precision medicine. The field of bioelectronic medicine uses electronic devices to diagnose or treat diseases and disorders in a complementary or alternative way to chemical drugs. It has been more than sixty years since the world’s first implantable battery-driven cardiac pacemaker was implanted here in Sweden. Since then, electronic therapies have been implemented for neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, sensory and motor function restoration, and many more. However, electronics can also be used for delivery of conventional drugs in a more controlled, localized, and specific fashion. Therapeutic utility and patient comfort are maximized when the devices are as minimally invasive as possible. The most important milestone in the development of the cardiac stimulator was making it wireless. The early versions of the device required bulky parts to be placed outside of the body with transcutaneous electrical leads to the target site which led to high infection risk and frequent failures. To date, batteries remain the most common way to power implantable electronics. However, their large size and the necessity for replacement surgeries makes the technology relatively invasive. Alternative approaches to wireless power transfer are thus sought after. The most promising technologies are based on electromagnetic, ultrasound, or light-coupling methods. The aim of this thesis is to utilize tissue-penetrating deep red light for powering implantable devices. The overarching concept is an organic photovoltaic based on small molecule donor-acceptor bilayer junctions, which allows for ultrathin, flexible, minimally-invasive devices. Within this thesis, the photovoltaic device was utilized in two ways. Firstly, the photovoltaics are fabricated to act as an integrated driver for other implantable electronic components: 1) an organic electronic ion pump for acetylcholine delivery; 2) a depth-probe microelectrode stimulation device for epilepsy applications. Secondly, an alternative device, the organic electrolytic photocapacitor, is formed by replacing one of the solid electrodes by an electrolytic contact, thus yielding a minimalistic device acting as a direct photoelectrical stimulator. Within the thesis, the photocapacitive stimulation mechanism is validated by studying voltage-gated ion channels in a frog oocyte model. Next, two lithography-based patterning techniques are developed for fabricating these devices with better resolution and on flexible substrates suitable for in vivo operation. Finally, a chronic implant is demonstrated for in vivo sciatic nerve stimulation in rodents. The end result of this thesis is a series of novel device concepts and methods for stimulation of the nervous system using deep red light.

This book portrays an extensive outline of “functionalized nanomaterials based supercapacitor”, including their fundamental as well as industrial-scale exploratory research. The contributed parts stretch the readers a complete report of the field of functionalized nanomaterials-based supercapacitor appropriate hypothetical standard of their structure to their execution, realization and potential application. It covers the latest system and functionalized nanomaterials for preparation, development, construction, validation and design of supercapacitor for commercial application. To best of our knowledge, there is no book available on the topic. Advanced undergraduate and graduate students can find this book a good source of knowledge and guidelines for their studies. They can find this book highly up to date, easy to use and understandable. This book is able to ease their thirst of learning of new and advanced electrochemical sensors. Moreover, the volume editors anticipate that this book is of significant interest to scientists working on the basic issues surrounding applications of nanotechnology in electrochemical sensors. Because of the multidisciplinary nature of this topic, this book attracts a broad audience including chemists, materials scientists, pharmacist, biologist and chemical engineers, who are involved and interested in the future frontiers of functionalized nanomaterials-based supercapacitor sciences and technology. Overall, this book is planned to be a reference book for researchers and scientists who are searching for new and advancement in supercapacitors sciences and technology.