Indians Of Brazil In The Twentieth Century

`Die if you must, but never kill` was the injunction to his officers of Candido Rondon, first leader of Brazil`s Indian Protection Service established in 1910, as a new age of development and exploration began in the Amazon rain forests. Die If You Must completes John Hemming`s authoritative trilogy on the history of the Brazilian Indians and covers the fate of the Indians in the twentieth century as `civilized` life began inescapably to invade their world. John Hemming describes tough expeditions and thrilling first contacts with Indians, notably by the dedicated and exuberant Villas Boas brothers on the Xingu river. The book also tries to show the trauma of contact from the indigenous side and the devastating pressures on their lands and way of life. But the story of the Indians` fightback is as exciting as the contacts deep in the rain forests and was achieved by a coalition of activists - non-governmental organisations, some government officials, missionaries (most of whom radically changed their attitudes) , and above all by the indigenous peoples themselves. John Hemming has created a exuberantly vivid, brilliantly detailed picture of the Indian way of life. It is nothing shor

DIVHow the Xavante Indians have reshaped the Brazilian government’s policies of nationalism and assimiliation./div

The defeat of the Indian tribes of Brazil is one of the great tragedies of Europe's involvement in South America. John Hemming's highly acclaimed 'Red Gold' told of the early conquest of the Indians by European settlers; 'Amazon Frontier' continues the tale. In 1755, after two hundred years of missionary control and appalling abuse by colonial settlers, the Portuguese governement issued legislation freeing the tribes. But the promised freedom proved to be an illusion: relaesed from the power of the Jesuits who had exploited them, the Indians now suffered even greater oppression at the hands of lay directors. As the colonial frontier pushed westwards into the immense territory of Brazil, stretching from the pampas of Uruguay to the rainforests of Amazonia, the Indians struggled to presserve their independence and their customs. Some tribes fought heroically, but their resistance was in vain; others tried to accommodate the advancing frontier, but were unable to withstand the profund cultural shock; a few, protected by impenetrable forests and rapid-infested rivers, survived with their cultures intact. Decimated by battle and imported disease, and deeply demoralised, the Indians were defeated, stripped of their traditional way of life and of their homelands. 'Amazon Frontier' covers the period from the mid-eighteenth to the early twentieth century - a time which saw Brazil gain independence and change from an isolated colonial outpost to a modern nation, its economy transformed by coffee exports and the great Amazon rubber boom. It was also a time when naturalists flooded into Brazil, drawn by the environmental riches of its plains, forests and rivers, and when alongside the exploiters of Indians came philanthroposts and anthropologists enchanted by tribal cultures, authors romanticising the 'noble savage', and politicians and administrators agonising over the problem of turning the Indians into settled labourers. The first book to explore this vast subject, 'Amazon Frontier' is based on the extensive research from original sources that has made John Hemming the leading authority in his field. A moving and stirring book, it is the definitive account of a fascinating period of history.

This book unveils an ignored aspect of the Brazilian history: how the colonization of the country shaped the sexuality of its indigenous population. Based on textual research, the authors show how the government and religious institutions gradually imposed the family model considered as "normal" to Brazilian indigenous gays through forced labor, punishment, marriages with non-indigenous and other methods. However, such disciplinary practices didn’t prevent the resistance of the natives whose sexuality operates out of the hegemonic model, and the book also analyzes the impact of these forms of dissent on the development of indigenous movements, interethnic relations and indigenous policies in Brazil. Building upon Post-Colonial and Queer theories, the authors present a historical overview of the ideas and practices employed by the religious and governmental authorities to repress homosexuality among indigenous peoples since the beginning of the colonization process, on the 16th century. They also show how this process of colonization of indigenous sexualities goes beyond the formal colonization period, which ended with the Brazilian Independence in 1822, and is part of a wider process of compulsory heterosexualization and heteronormativity of native peoples, based on scientific, theological, social and cultural assumptions that inspired religious, civilizing, academic and political practices throughout Brazilian history.

Covering the history of the Brazilian Indians from 1500 to 1760, from the point of first contact through to their conquest by the Portuguese, this is the first volume in John Hemming's history of the Amazon.