Integrated Optoelectronics

Integrated optoelectronics is becoming ever more important to communications, computer, and consumer industries. It is the enabling technology in a variety of systems, ranging from low-cost, robust optical componentsin consumer electronics to high-performance broadband information networks capable of supporting video and multimedia conferencing. The requirements for producing low-cost, highly reliable components for deployment in these new systems have created a technology challenge. Integrated optoelectronics promises to meet the performance and cost objectives of these applications by integrating both optical and electronic components in a highly functional chip. This book provides an overview of this exciting newtechnology. Integrated Optoelectronics brings together a group of acknowledged experts from both universities and industry around the world to focus on a common theme of integration. These experts have reported not only on the state-of-the-art, but also on the physics and design experience that goes into implementing integrated chips and modules. This book is a cohesive series of articles that includes a discussion of the intimate trade-offs between materials, processes, devices, functional blocks, packaging,and systems requirements in a truly integrated technology. This integration encompasses electrical, optoelectronic, and optical devices onto monolithic or hybrid chips, and into multichip modules. This volume surveys state-of-the-art research activities in integrated optoelectronics and gathers most of the important references into a single place. It outlines the major issues involved in integrating both optical and electronic components, provides an overview of design and fabrication concepts, and discusses the issues involved in bringing these new chips to the marketplace. This exciting new book: Provides a broad overview of the optoelectronic field, including materials processing, devices, and systems applications Features authors who are acknowledged research experts in this field, from both industry and universities around the world Includes new information on device fabrication, including the latest epitaxial growth and lift-off techniques to permit the mixing of dissimilar materials onto single chips Covers planar processed laser fabrication leading to wafer level automated testing Discusses optimization of devices for integration, including a detailed treatment of the vertical emitting laser and theoretical and experimental coverage of optimization of photodetectors for integration into receiver chips Describes design approaches for multifunctional chips, including photonic circuits for all-optical networks and the design of integrated optoelectronic chips with lasers, photodiodes, and electronic ICs Covers the infrastructure needed to support an integrated technology, including automated design systems which treat both optical and electrical circuits, and multichip packaging approaches for both optical and IC chips

The English edition is based upon the second edition of the German version of the book. The author would like to thank Mr. A.H. Armstrong for providing the basic English manuscript of the text, his critical reading, and valuable comments. Thanks are also due to Mrs. A. Demmer, Mr. J. Matern, Mrs. B. Titze and Mrs. S. Pfetsch for preparing the camera ready manuscript and the figures. Springer Verlag has generously supported the project and cooperating with them has been a great pleasure. Ulm, April 1992 K.J. Ebeling Preface to the First German Edition This book is a comprehensive introduction to waveguide optics and photonics in semiconductor crystals. Interest is centered on integrated optoelectronic devices for the transmission and processing of optical signals. These optical communi cations engineering devices are becoming increasingly important for optical disk storage systems, for optical chip-chip interconnections and of course for optical fiber transmission and exchange.

This compilation of review articles by leading experts presents clearly the trend in future optoelectronic devices. It is clear that optoelectronic and photonic integration help to further improve high-speed system capabilities and increase the total systems and network capacities with WDM technology. The foundation of the integration technology is based on quantum well materials, and advanced epitaxial growth and device processing techniques. The integrated laser/ modulators, multi-wavelength laser arrays, and OEIC receivers have demonstrated the feasibility of this technology, but much work remains to be done to put such technology to practice.

The papers included in this issue of ECS Transactions were originally presented in the symposium ¿Integrated Optoelectronics 5¿, held during the 217th meeting of The Electrochemical Society, in Vancouver, Canada, from April 25 to 30, 2010.

This compilation of review articles by leading experts presents clearly the trend in future optoelectronic devices. It is clear that optoelectronic and photonic integration help to further improve high-speed system capabilities and increase the total systems and network capacities with WDM technology. The foundation of the integration technology is based on quantum well materials, and advanced epitaxial growth and device processing techniques. The integrated laser/ modulators, multi-wavelength laser arrays, and OEIC receivers have demonstrated the feasibility of this technology, but much work remains to be done to put such technology to practice.

Our intent in producing this book was to provide a text that would be comprehensive enough for an introductory course in integrated optics, yet concise enough in its mathematical derivations to be easily readable by a practicing engineer who desires an overview of the field. The response to the first edition has indeed been gratifying; unusually strong demand has caused it to be sold out during the initial year of publication, thus providing us with an early opportunity to produce this updated and improved second edition. This development is fortunate, because integrated optics is a very rapidly progressing field, with significant new research being regularly reported. Hence, a new chapter (Chap. 17) has been added to review recent progress and to provide numerous additional references to the relevant technical literature. Also, thirty-five new problems for practice have been included to supplement those at the ends of chapters in the first edition. Chapters I through 16 are essentially unchanged, except for brief updating revisions and corrections of typographical errors. Because of the time limitations imposed by the need to provide an uninterrupted supply of this book to those using it as a course text, it has been possible to include new references and to briefly describe recent developments only in Chapter 17. However, we hope to provide details of this continuing progress in a future edition.

The book addresses many problems of ion exchange processes in LiNbO3, LiTaO3 and KTiOPO4 ferroelectrics and II-VI semiconductor single crystals for integrated optics applications. The authors start with the fundamentals of ion exchange processes in solids (Chapter 1). Chapter 1 can be considered also as an enlarged introduction to the book. Starting with Chapter 2, the general properties of LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 crystals, the methods used to study optical waveguides in these crystals as well as advanced preparation methods of optical waveguides are reviewed. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 are devoted to recent progress in the ion exchange processes in LiNbO3, LiTaO3 and KTiOPO4 crystals, respectively, and Chapter 6 summarizes the main applications of ion-exchanged waveguides in modern integrated optics. Finally, Chapter 7 deals with recently established ion exchange processes in II-VI semiconductors.