Intercountry Adoption In India Potential Risk Of Human Trafficking

Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2021 in the subject Sociology - Law and Delinquency, grade: 1, National Islamic University, language: English, abstract: Adoption occurred primarily to preserve and transmit family lines or inheritance, to gain political power or to forge alliance between families. The issue highlighted in this paper is the protection of children from illegal adoption or adoptions that are done for an illegal purpose like human trafficking. Human trafficking is a major concern not only intra-country but also inter-country. The aim of this paper is to identify the problem and suggest ways to a better solution. The first topic is a brief history in which the genesis of adoption is explained, and it is discussed whether adoption is really for the welfare of the child. Furthermore, the relationship between inter-country adoption and India is explained. It is analysed, what laws provide such kind of adoptions, what is lacking in those laws, what their impact is and if the adoption is really happening in the country. Additionally, the international laws of adoption and whether they help in protecting the interest of the child are discussed. Then, the problem of child trafficking based on illegal adoption, how far the laws dealt with it, what has to be done and how to protect children from such abuses is explained. There must be a strong, stable and legitimate inter-country adoption infrastructure. Adoption can only maintain a principled and enforceable line against child selling and child trafficking when effective systems of enforceable regulation are in place that effectively prevent adoption systems from becoming markets for children. The refusal or failure of the domestic and inter-country adoption systems to put those needed regulations into place speaks volumes regarding the ethics of the domestic and inter-country adoption. Inter-country adoption is a conditional good; inter-country adoption as child trafficking is an evil.

This book offers a comprehensive exploration of the complex landscape surrounding international adoptions within the Indian context. Embark on a journey through the corridors of legislation, regulations, and policies governing inter-country adoption in India. This handbook serves as an indispensable resource, providing legal professionals, adoption agencies, policymakers, and concerned individuals with a thorough understanding of the nuanced and ever-evolving framework. This is not just a legal manual; it's a guide for ethical, informed decision-making. With navigational aids, practical guides, and procedural outlines, the handbook ensures that readers can traverse the adoption process with confidence and clarity. This handbook is your indispensable companion. Illuminate the path forward, informed by a profound understanding of the laws and policies that shape inter-country adoption in India.

Intercountry adoption has undergone a radical decline since 2004 when it reached a peak of approximately 45,000 children adopted globally. Its practice had been linked to conflict, poverty, gender inequality, and claims of human trafficking, ultimately leading to the establishment of the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption (HCIA). This international private law along with the Convention on the Rights of the Child affirm the best interests of the child as paramount in making decisions on behalf of children and families with obligations specifically oriented to safeguards in adoption practices. In 2004, as intercountry adoption peaked and then began a dramatic decline, commercial global surrogacy contracts began to take off in India. Global surrogacy gained in popularity owing, in part, to improved assisted reproductive technology methods, the ease with which people can make global surrogacy arrangements, and same-sex couples seeking the option to have their own genetically-related children. Yet regulation remains an issue, so much so that the Hague Conference on Private International Law has undertaken research and assessed the many dilemmas as an expert group considers drafting a new law, with some similarities to the HCIA and a strong emphasis on parentage. This ground-breaking book presents a detailed history and applies policy and human rights issues with an emphasis on the best interests of the child within intercountry adoption and the new conceptions of protection necessary in global surrogacy. To meet this end, voices of surrogate mothers in the US and India ground discourse as authors consider the human rights concerns and policy implications. For both intercountry adoption and global surrogacy, the complexity of the social context anchors the discourse inclusive of the intersections of poverty and privilege. This examination of the inevitable problems is presented at a time in which the pathways to global surrogacy appear to be shifting as the Supreme Court of India weighs in on the future of the industry there while Thailand, Cambodia and other countries have banned the practice all together. There is speculation that countries in Africa and possibly Central America appear poised to pick up the multi-million dollar industry as the demand for healthy infants continues on.

This comprehensive book covers the research, theory, policy and practice context of unusual reproduction using third parties. Olga Van den Akker details the psychological adaptation required to continuing changes in public opinion, advances in technologies and new legislations in surrogate motherhood and discusses their impact at an individual, societal and global level. She describes the competing interests and interactions between legal, organisational, personal, social, psychological and cultural issues in relation to biological and genetic surrogate and commissioning parenthood. This book is intended for professionals, practitioners, academics and students interested in the complexities of unusual reproduction using multidisciplinary perspectives.

Criminology Explains Human Trafficking provides a comprehensive and accessible overview of criminological theory as it applies to the topic of human trafficking. Sarah Hupp Williamson uses real-life applications and case studies to highlight the connections between theory, research, and policy. She applies a diverse range of criminological theory to cover different forms of trafficking, victims versus offenders, the role of migration and globalization, domestic and international law, anti-trafficking efforts, and more. Through the use of discussion questions, activities, and policy boxes, students come away with a deeper understanding of theory as it applies to the field of human trafficking, including how various levels of analysis from the local to the global are often linked.

Intercountry adoption has undergone a radical decline since 2004. Its practice had been linked to conflict, poverty, gender inequality, and human trafficking, ultimately leading to establishment of The Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption. Since then, commercial global surrogacy practice has rapidly increased, owing to improved assisted reproductive technology, ease of access, and same-sex couples. Yet regulation remains an issue. This groundbreaking book presents a detailed history and explores human rights issues with an emphasis on the interests of the child, using the voices of surrogate mothers in the U.S and India to ground discourse of intercountry adoption and global surrogacy.

Authors Jayne E. Schooler and Thomas C. Atwood share insights into every aspect of adoption. This powerful resource addresses the needs and concerns facing adoptive parents, while offering encouragement for the journey ahead.

Proponents have touted intercountry adoption as a natural intervention for promoting child welfare. However, in cases of fraud and economic incentives, intercountry adoption has been denounced as child trafficking. Social workers play critical roles in intercountry adoption; they are often involved in family support services or child relinquishment in sending countries, and in evaluating potential adoptive homes, processing applications, and providing support for adoptive families in receiving countries; social workers are involved as brokers and policy makers with regard to the processes, procedures, and regulations that govern intercountry adoption.