Lunar Surface Models

The only work to date to collect data gathered during the American and Soviet missions in an accessible and complete reference of current scientific and technical information about the Moon.

The German Aerospace Center (DLR) is developing a new, holistic optical navigation system for all stages of spacecraft planetary approach and landing procedures. The central feature of this new navigation system is its landmark-based navigation. Commonly, craters are used as landmarks, as they exhibit very characteristic shapes and they are stable over the long term with respect to shape, structure and positioning. However, the flawless perception of these surface features by computers is a non-trivial task. A possibility of generating realistic surface images of celestial bodies with a significant number of craters and with well-known local illumination conditions is essential for the development of new navigation algorithms, as well as a technique for estimating the local illumination direction on these images. To date, no software exists to generate artificial renderings of realistically illuminated planetary surfaces while determining the local solar illumination direction. Having said this, a surface illumination simulation software for solid planetary surfaces with a significant number of craters has been developed within a master's thesis at the Merseburg University of Applied Sciences and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), whereas all work has been done in the context of the Moon. This software, the Moon Surface Illumination Simulation Framework (MSISF), is the first software known to produce realistic renderings of the entire Moon's surface from virtually every viewpoint, while simultaneously generating machine-readable information regarding the exactly known parameters for the environmental conditions, such as the local solar illumination angle for every pixel of a rendering showing a point on the Moon's surface. To produce its renderings, the MSISF maintains a global digital elevation model of the Moon, using the latest data sets from the ongoing NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission. The MSISF has also demonstrated its ability to not only produce single renderings, but also whole series of renderings corresponding to a virtual flight trajectory or landing on the Moon. The MSISF can also be modified for the rendering of other celestial bodies. This book shows how these renderings will be produced and how they will be suitable for the development and testing of new optical navigation algorithms; it is based upon the examination version of the original master's thesis.

This book offers readers essential insights into system design for deep space probes and describes key aspects such as system design, orbit design, telecommunication, GNC, thermal control, propulsion, aerobraking and scientific payload. Each chapter includes the basic principles, requirements analysis, procedures, equations and diagrams, as well as practical examples that will help readers to understand the research on each technology and the major concerns when it comes to developing deep space probes. An excellent reference resource for researchers and engineers interested in deep space exploration, it can also serve as a textbook for university students and those at institutes involved in aerospace.