Nano And Molecular Electronics Handbook

There are fundamental and technological limits of conventional microfabrication and microelectronics. Scaling down conventional devices and attempts to develop novel topologies and architectures will soon be ineffective or unachievable at the device and system levels to ensure desired performance. Forward-looking experts continue to search for new paradigms to carry the field beyond the age of microelectronics, and molecular electronics is one of the most promising candidates. The Nano and Molecular Electronics Handbook surveys the current state of this exciting, emerging field and looks toward future developments and opportunities. Molecular and Nano Electronics Explained Explore the fundamentals of device physics, synthesis, and design of molecular processing platforms and molecular integrated circuits within three-dimensional topologies, organizations, and architectures as well as bottom-up fabrication utilizing quantum effects and unique phenomena. Technology in Progress Stay current with the latest results and practical solutions realized for nanoscale and molecular electronics as well as biomolecular electronics and memories. Learn design concepts, device-level modeling, simulation methods, and fabrication technologies used for today's applications and beyond. Reports from the Front Lines of Research Expert innovators discuss the results of cutting-edge research and provide informed and insightful commentary on where this new paradigm will lead. The Nano and Molecular Electronics Handbook ranks among the most complete and authoritative guides to the past, present, and future of this revolutionary area of theory and technology.

This book is aimed at senior undergraduates, graduate students and researchers interested in quantitative understanding and modeling of nanomaterial and device physics. With the rapid slow-down of semiconductor scaling that drove information technology for decades, there is a pressing need to understand and model electron flow at its fundamental molecular limits. The purpose of this book is to enable such a deconstruction needed to design the next generation memory, logic, sensor and communication elements. Through numerous case studies and topical examples relating to emerging technology, this book connects 'top down' classical device physics taught in electrical engineering classes with 'bottom up' quantum and many-body transport physics taught in physics and chemistry. The book assumes no more than a nodding acquaintance with quantum mechanics, in addition to knowledge of freshman level mathematics. Segments of this book are useful as a textbook for a course in nano-electronics.

Single-molecule electronics has evolved as a vibrant research field during the last two decades. The vision is to be able to create electronic components at the highest level of miniaturization—the single molecule. This book compiles and details cutting-edge research with contributions from chemists, physicists, theoreticians, and engineers. It covers all aspects of single-molecule electronics, from the theory through experimental realizations and the chemical synthesis of molecular components to the implementation of molecular components in future integrated circuits. This book describes in detail both established methods and recent advances in the field, including vibrational effects, switching phenomena, quantum interference, thermal power, and parallel assembly strategies. The authors add more details to the chapters than typically found in the primary literature so that the book can be read not only by specialists but also by non-experts and students with an interest in the research field. Each chapter is accompanied by problems, and a solutions manual is also provided.

An accessible introduction for electronic engineers, computer scientists and physicists. The overview covers all aspects from underlying technologies to circuits and systems. The challenge of nanoelectronics is not only to manufacture minute structures but also to develop innovative systems for effective integration of the billions of devices. On the system level, various architectures are presented and important features of systems, such as design strategies, processing power, and reliability are discussed. Many specific technologies are presented, including molecular devices, quantum electronic devices, resonant tunnelling devices, single electron devices, superconducting devices, and even devices for DNA and quantum computing. The book also compares these devices with current silicon technologies and discusses limits of electronics and the future of nanosystems.

Molecular Electronics is self-contained and unified in its presentation. It can be used as a textbook on nanoelectronics by graduate students and advanced undergraduates studying physics and chemistry. In addition, included in this new edition are previously unpublished material that will help researchers gain a deeper understanding into the basic concepts involved in the field of molecular electronics.

1. The birth of molecular electronics. 1.1. Why molecular electronics?. 1.2. A brief history of molecular electronics. 1.3. Scope and structure of the book -- 2. Fabrication of metallic atomic-size contacts. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Techniques involving the scanning electron microscope (STM). 2.3. Methods using atomic force microscopes (AFM). 2.4. Contacts between macroscopic wires. 2.5. Transmission electron microscope. 2.6. Mechanically controllable break-junctions (MCBJ). 2.7. Electromigration technique. 2.8. Electrochemical methods. 2.9. Recent developments. 2.10. Electronic transport measurements. 2.11. Exercises -- 3. Contacting single molecules: Experimental techniques. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Molecules for molecular electronics. 3.3. Deposition of molecules. 3.4. Contacting single molecules. 3.5. Contacting molecular ensembles. 3.6. Exercises -- 4. The scattering approach to phase-coherent transport in nanocontacts. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. From mesoscopic conductors to atomic-scale junctions. 4.3. Conductance is transmission : heuristic derivation of the Landauer formula. 4.4. Penetration of a potential barrier : tunnel effect. 4.5. The scattering matrix. 4.6. Multichannel Landauer formula. 4.7. Shot noise. 4.8. Thermal transport and thermoelectric phenomena. 4.9. Limitations of the scattering approach. 4.10. Exercises -- 5. Introduction to Green's function techniques for systems in equilibrium. 5.1. The Schrodinger and Heisenberg pictures. 5.2. Green's functions of a noninteracting electron system. 5.3. Application to tight-binding Hamiltonians. 5.4. Green's functions in time domain. 5.5. Exercises -- 6. Green's functions and Feynman diagrams. 6.1. The interaction picture. 6.2. The time-evolution operator. 6.3. Perturbative expansion of causal Green's functions. 6.4. Wick's theorem. 6.5. Feynman diagrams. 6.6. Feynman diagrams in energy space. 6.7. Electronic self-energy and Dyson's equation. 6.8. Self-consistent diagrammatic theory : the Hartree-Fock approximation. 6.9. The Anderson model and the Kondo effect. 6.10. Final remarks. 6.11. Exercises -- 7. Nonequilibrium Green's functions formalism. 7.1. The Keldysh formalism. 7.2. Diagrammatic expansion in the Keldysh formalism. 7.3. Basic relations and equations in the Keldysh formalism. 7.4. Application of Keldysh formalism to simple transport problems. 7.5. Exercises -- 8. Formulas of the electrical current : exploiting the Keldysh formalism. 8.1. Elastic current : microscopic derivation of the Landauer formula. 8.2. Current through an interacting atomic-scale junction. 8.3. Time-dependent transport in nanoscale junctions. 8.4. Exercises -- 9. Electronic structure I: Tight-binding approach. 9.1. Basics of the tight-binding approach. 9.2. The extended Huckel method. 9.3. Matrix elements in solid state approaches. 9.4. Slater-Koster two-center approximation. 9.5. Some illustrative examples. 9.6. The NRL tight-binding method. 9.7. The tight-binding approach in molecular electronics. 9.8. Exercises -- 10. Electronic structure II : density functional theory. 10.1. Elementary quantum mechanics. 10.2. Early density functional theories. 10.3. The Hohenberg-Kohn theorems. 10.4. The Kohn-Sham approach. 10.5. The exchange-correlation functionals. 10.6. The basic machinery of DFT. 10.7. DFT performance. 10.8. DFT in molecular electronics. 10.9. Exercises -- 11. The conductance of a single atom. 11.1. Landauer approach to conductance: brief reminder. 11.2. Conductance of atomic-scale contacts. 11.3. Conductance histograms. 11.4. Determining the conduction channels. 11.5. The chemical nature of the conduction channels of oneatom contacts. 11.6. Some further issues. 11.7. Conductance fluctuations. 11.8. Atomic chains : parity oscillations in the conductance. 11.9. Concluding remarks. 11.10. Exercises -- 12. Spin-dependent transport in ferromagnetic atomic contacts. 12.1. Conductance of ferromagnetic atomic contacts. 12.2. Magnetoresistance of ferromagnetic atomic contacts. 12.3. Anisotropic magnetoresistance in atomic contacts. 12.4. Concluding remarks and open problems -- 13. Coherent transport through molecular junctions I : basic concepts. 13.1. Identifying the transport mechanism in single-molecule junctions. 13.2. Some lessons from the resonant tunneling model. 13.3. A two-level model. 13.4. Length dependence of the conductance. 13.5. Role of conjugation in [symbol]-electron systems. 13.6. Fano resonances. 13.7. Negative differential resistance. 13.8. Final remarks. 13.9. Exercises -- 14. Coherent transport through molecular junctions II : test-bed molecules. 14.1. Coherent transport through some test-bed molecules. 14.2. Metal-molecule contact : the role of anchoring groups. 14.3. Tuning chemically the conductance : the role of side-groups. 14.4. Controlled STM-based single-molecule experiments. 14.5. Conclusions and open problems -- 15. Single-molecule transistors : Coulomb blockade and Kondo physics. 15.1. Introduction. 15.2. Charging effects in transport through nanoscale devices. 15.3. Single-molecule three-terminal devices. 15.4. Coulomb blockade theory : constant interaction model. 15.5. Towards a theory of Coulomb blockade in molecular transistors. 15.6. Intermediate coupling : cotunneling and Kondo effect. 15.7. Single-molecule transistors : experimental results. 15.8. Exercises -- 16. Vibrationally-induced inelastic current I : experiment. 16.1. Introduction. 16.2. Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS). 16.3. Highly conductive junctions : point-contact spectroscopy (PCS). 16.4. Crossover between PCS and IETS. 16.5. Resonant inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (RIETS). 16.6. Summary of vibrational signatures -- 17. Vibrationally-induced inelastic current II : theory. 17.1. Weak electron-phonon coupling regime. 17.2. Intermediate electron-phonon coupling regime. 17.3. Strong electron-phonon coupling regime. 17.4. Concluding remarks and open problems. 17.5. Exercises -- 18. The hopping regime and transport through DNA molecules. 18.1. Signatures of the hopping regime. 18.2. Hopping transport in molecular junctions : experimental examples. 18.3. DNA-based molecular junctions. 18.4. Exercises -- 19. Beyond electrical conductance : shot noise and thermal transport. 19.1. Shot noise in atomic and molecular junctions. 19.2. Heating and heat conduction. 19.3. Thermoelectricity in molecular junctions -- 20. Optical properties of current-carrying molecular junctions. 20.1. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of molecular junctions. 20.2. Transport mechanisms in irradiated molecular junctions. 20.3. Theory of photon-assisted tunneling. 20.4. Experiments on radiation-induced transport in atomic and molecular junctions. 20.5. Resonant current amplification and other transport phenomena in ac driven molecular junctions. 20.6. Fluorescence from current-carrying molecular junctions. 20.7. Molecular optoelectronic devices. 20.8. Final remarks. 20.9. Exercises -- 21. What is missing in this book?

The latest advances in nanoelectronics This definitive volume addresses the state of the art in nanoelectronics, covering nanowires, molecular electronics, and nanodevices. Written by global experts in the field, Nanoelectronics discusses cutting-edge techniques and emerging materials, such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. This pioneering work offers a comprehensive survey of nanofabrication options for use in next-generation technologies. Nanoelectronics covers: Electrical properties of metallic nanowires Electromigration defect nucleation in damascene copper interconnect lines Carbon nanotube interconnects in CMOS integrated circuits Printed organic electronics One-dimensional nanostructure-enabled chemical sensing Cross-section fabrication and analysis of nanoscale device structures and complex organic electronics Microfabrication and applications of nanoparticle-doped conductive polymers Single-electron conductivity in organic nanostructures for transistors and memories Synthesis of molecular bioelectronic nanostructures Nanostructured electrode materials for advanced Li-ion batteries Quantum-dot devices based on carbon nanotubes Carbon nanotubes as electromechanical actuators Low-level nanoscale electrical measurements and ESD Nanopackaging