Nanoparticles For Rational Vaccine Design

This book introduces nanoparticles as a powerful platform for vaccine design. Current challenges in vaccine development are discussed and the unique advantages nanoparticles provide in overcoming these challenges are explored. The authors offer fascinating insights into the immunological assets of using nanoparticles as delivery vehicles or adjuvants and present different materials that are being used in nanoparticle-based vaccine development, covering peptides, proteins, polymers, virus-like particles, and liposomes. Its contemporary research insights and practical examples for applications make this volume an inspiring read for researchers and clinicians in vaccinology and immunology. Chapter "Liposome Formulations as Adjuvants for Vaccines" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Exploring an Emerging Technique of Nanotechnology in Vaccine Design and Manufacturing to combat SARS-CoV-2. Nanoparticles are loosely defined as nanoscale-sized and tunable particulate structures that mimic structural features of natural viruses. Besides traditional vaccine modalities and DNA and vector-based vaccines, nanoparticle vaccines offer a unique opportunity to advance vaccine science and provide tractable solutions to the current pandemic and beyond. This adaptive design makes them highly promising platforms for next-generation vaccine development, providing pathways to drive strong nAb responses, or broader antibody-based immunity that might better account for variation and evolution of viral pathogens. COVID-19 has become a major cause of global mortality and driven massive health and economic disruptions. At present, over 26 nanoparticle vaccine candidates have advanced into clinical testing, with ∼60 more in pre-clinical development. Hence an attempt has been made in this Booklet to explore the emerging technique of nanotechnology in vaccine design and manufacturing to combat SARS-CoV-2, and highlight opportunities and challenges presented by these novel vaccine platforms. …Dr. H. K. Saboowala. M.B.(Bom) .M.R.S.H.(London)

Immunological and formulation design considerations for subunit vaccines. Public health implications of emerging vaccine technologies. Preclinical safety assessment considerations in vaccine development. Regulatory considerations in vaccine design. Clinical considerations in vaccine trials with special reference to candidate HIV vaccines. Laboratory empiricism, clinical design, and social value: the rough road toward vaccine development. A compedium of vaccine adjuvants and excipients. Adjuvant properties of aluminum and calcium compounds. Structure and properties of aluminum-containing adjuvants. MF59: design and evaluation of a safe and potent adjuvant for human vaccines. Development of vaccines based on formulations containing nonionic block copolymers. Development of an emulsion-based muramyl dipeptide adjuvant formulation for vaccines. Liposomal presentation of antigens for human vaccines. Liposome design and vaccine development. Lipid matrix-based vaccines for mucosal and systemic immunization. Polymer microspheres for vaccine delivery. Vehicle for oral immunization. Design and production of single-immunization vaccines using polylactide polyglycolide microsphere systems. Nanoparticles as adjuvants for vaccines. Water-soluble phosphazene polymers for parenteral and mucosal vaccine delivery. Monophosphoryl lipid A as an adjuvant: past experiences and new directions. Structural and immunological characterization of the vaccine adjuvant QS-21. A novel generation of viral vaccines based on the ISCOM matrix. Vaccine adjuvants based on gamma inulin. A new approach to vaccine adjuvants: immunopotentiation by intracellular T-helper-like signals transmitted by loxoribine. Stearyl tyrosine: an organic equivalent of aluminum-based immunoadjuvants. Cytokines as vaccine adjuvants: current status and potential applications. Cytokines as immunological adjuvants. Cytokine-containing liposomes as adjuvants for subunit vaccines. Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Lyme vaccine enhancement: N-terminal acylation of a protein antigen and inclusion of a saponin adjuvant. Vaccine research and development for the prevention of filarial nematode infections. Retrovirus and retrotransposon particles as antigen presentation and delivery systems. Rationale and approaches to constructing preerythrocytic malaria vaccines. The MAP system: a flexible and unambiguous vaccine design of branched peptides. Design of experimental synthetic peptide immunogens for prevention of HIV-1 and HTLV-I retroviral infections. Design and testing of peptide-based cytotoxic T-cell-mediated immunotherapeutics to treat infectious diseases and cancer. Development of active specific immunotherapeutic agents based on cancer-associated mucins. Synthetic peptide vaccines for schistosomiasis. Synthetic hormone/growth factor subunit vaccine with application to antifertility and cancer.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of how use of micro- and nanotechnology (MNT) has allowed major new advance in vaccine development research, and the challenges that immunologists face in making further progress. MNT allows the creation of particles that exploit the inherent ability of the human immune system to recognize small particles such as viruses and toxins. In combination with minimal protective epitope design, this permits the creation of immunogenic particles that stimulate a response against the targeted pathogen. The finely tuned response of the human immune system to small particles makes it unsurprising that many of the lead adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems currently under investigation are based on nanoparticles. Provides a comprehensive and unparalleled overview of the role of micro- and nanotechnology in vaccine development Allows researchers to quickly familiarize themselves with the broad spectrum of vaccines and how micro- and nanotechnologies are applied to their development Includes a combination of overview chapters setting out general principles, and focused content dealing with specific vaccines, making it useful to readers from a variety of disciplines

This book provides a compilation of the current developments in mucosal nanovaccines, which are an attractive approach to fight against infectious and non-communicable diseases. Since nanomaterials possess unique properties; many of them have a positive effect on vaccine efficacy when used as antigen carriers and have been applied in vaccinology with significant advances over the past years. This book addresses the methodologies for mucosal nanovaccines synthesis; based on the following nanomaterials: gold, PLGA, silica, and chitosan nanoparticles; as well as nanogels, carbon nanotubes, liposomes, and Virus-like particles. A description of the immunogenic properties of the mucosal nanovaccines is presented, highlighting the improvements achieved with this approach when compared to conventional formulations. Mucosal vaccines constitute the most practical immunization approach since they are easy to administer (promoting patient ́s comfort and increasing compliance), allow triggering relevant immune responses at both the site of administration and distant compartments, and thus may protect the main entry portal for pathogens (oral, nasal, and genital mucosae). In this context, the potential of nanovaccines to result in new mucosal formulations in the benefit of global health is analyzed. Covers the synthesis and functionalization of nanomaterials for the development of nanovaccines; Discusses the underlying mechanisms involved in the induction of immune responses through mucosal compartments and the advantages of nanomaterials in the formulation of nanovaccines; Transmits the state of the art for the development of mucosal nanovaccines; Provides routes for the design and evaluation of mucosal nanovaccines; Presents key perspectives for the field of mucosal vaccine development.

This volume will address an important emergent area within the field of immunomics: the discovery of antigens and adjuvants within the context of reverse vaccinology. Conventional approaches to vaccine design and development requires pathogens to be cultivated in the laboratory and the immunogenic molecules within them to be identifiable. Conventional vaccinology is no longer universally successful, particularly for recalcitrant pathogens. By using genomic information we can study vaccine development in silico: 'reverse vaccinology', can identify candidate subunits vaccines by identifying antigenic proteins and by using equally rational approaches to identify novel immune response-enhancing adjuvants.

NANOVACCINOLOGY AS TARGETED THERAPEUTICS The book presents the early-stage development of nanovaccines that could well be the new generation of vaccines which have a great potential for the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Nanovaccinology as Targeted Therapeutics explores recent breakthroughs in the exciting new field of micro- and nanofabricated engineered nanomaterials. In addition to spectroscopic characterizations, significant topics for interdisciplinary research, especially in the fields of nanogels, which deal with polymer chemistry, nanotechnology, materials science, pharmaceuticals, and medicine are explored, where their small dimensions prove highly advantageous. Nanovaccinology could potentially revolutionize conventional therapy and diagnostic methods due to its superior effectiveness over its macro-sized counterparts in almost all biomedical areas. Strong interest in this novel class of material has driven many studies to discover biogenic production methods and new areas of potential utilization in this area. Therefore, it is important to keep abreast of the development of these biomedical research aspects highlighted in the 19 chapters of this book written in diverse fields of studies, and their emerging applications utilized in next-generation techniques. Audience Biotechnologists, nanotechnologists, materials scientists, biochemists, medical biologists, drug delivery and formulation chemists, virologists and pharmacists.