New Developments In Mode Water Research

This book consists of the articles from the special issue of “New developments in mode-water research: Dynamic and climatic effects” in the Journal of Oceanography, Vol. 68 No. 1, 2012, comprising 10 chapters that cover a wide spectrum of topics. Topics range from the formation, circulation, and variability of mode waters to their dynamic effect on surface current and climate impact, and point to new directions for mode-water research. How do mode waters vary on decadal and longer timescales, and how will they change in response to global warming? What causes mode-water variability, and how does it affect surface circulation and climate? What are the roles of mesoscale eddies in the formation and dissipation of mode waters and in their variability and change? This book serves as a signpost in our endeavor to answer these and other challenging questions.

This book consists of the articles from the special issue of “New developments in mode-water research: Dynamic and climatic effects” in the Journal of Oceanography, Vol. 68 No. 1, 2012, comprising 10 chapters that cover a wide spectrum of topics. Topics range from the formation, circulation, and variability of mode waters to their dynamic effect on surface current and climate impact, and point to new directions for mode-water research. How do mode waters vary on decadal and longer timescales, and how will they change in response to global warming? What causes mode-water variability, and how does it affect surface circulation and climate? What are the roles of mesoscale eddies in the formation and dissipation of mode waters and in their variability and change? This book serves as a signpost in our endeavor to answer these and other challenging questions.

The book represents all the knowledge we currently have on ocean circulation. It presents an up-to-date summary of the state of the science relating to the role of the oceans in the physical climate system. The book is structured to guide the reader through the wide range of world ocean circulation experiment (WOCE) science in a consistent way. Cross-references between contributors have been added, and the book has a comprehensive index and unified reference list. The book is simple to read, at the undergraduate level. It was written by the best scientists in the world who have collaborated to carry out years of experiments to better understand ocean circulation. Presents in situ and remote observations with worldwide coverage Provides theoretical understanding of processes within the ocean and at its boundaries to other Earth System components Allows for simulating ocean and climate processes in the past, present and future using a hierarchy of physical-biogeochemical models

This Chapter is a brief survey of global mode water distribution and formation, with an emphasis on recent approaches and techniques. A new upper ocean water mass census based on observations from the Argo profiling float program is presented, to revisit calculation exploiting the nearly global coverage and especially the wintertime resolution in these newer data, notably problematic with ship-based hydrography. Water mass volumes and stratification are calculated from the Argo data and used to describe the global distribution of mode waters and their seasonal cycle. Water mass transformation rates are derived from a global state-estimate of the ocean and air–sea fluxes and applied to mode water density classes, to infer formation rates and to relate these to seasonal volumetric changes. A conceptual framework has been applied to the generation of mode water in terms of PV fluxes at the sea surface; dynamical mechanisms relevant to the impact of mode waters on circulation are summarized. Some results with climate simulations are noted, for the role of mode water in climate variability.

The book China and the World Bank: Promoting Capacity Development summarizes the experience of China’s capacity development under the support of the World Bank through the detailed analysis of China’s 50 loan projects. Professor Yifu Lin, former chief economist and senior vice president of the World Bank wrote the foreword of the book. And he recommends the book as filling the gap of the research field in China’s capacity development under the help of the World Bank. Capacity development usually refers to a dynamic and perfecting process, that the recipient countries’ public sectors allocate and use available resources for promoting the development capacity to achieve the expected goals of economic and social development in a more effective, efficient, appropriate and sustainable way. This book is divided into five parts: the first part is "economic management and system reform", which discusses the experience of capacity development in economic reform, finance, taxation and industry sectors; the second part is "poverty alleviation and rural development", which analyzes the experience of capacity development in poverty alleviation and development, agricultural comprehensive development and rural water supply and environmental sanitation; the third part is "infrastructure", which refines water conservancy and hydropower experience in capacity development of expressways and urban transportation. The fourth part is "human development", which describes the experience of capacity development of basic education and medical health. The fifth part is "environmental protection", summarizing the experience of environmental management and urban water industry capacity development.