Nuclear Geophysics

Nuclear techniques are critical in the exploration for oil and in the control of oil wells, and intrinsic to uranium exploration. This volume includes comprehensive review articles by internationally eminent scientists and engineers, on a wide variety of techniques and applications in the area of nuclear geophysics, including important new techniques and equipment being developed for use in the metalliferous and industrial minerals industries. Also included is a description of neutron interaction methods now being introduced to give a total elemental analysis, calorific value and ash-content, on-line.

The fundamentals of methods in nuclear geophysics and their practical applications in engineering geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, agriculture and environmental science are discussed in this book. The methods and apparatus based on absorption and scattering of gamma and neutron radiation for determination of density and soil moisture in natural conditions are presented in Chapters 2, 3, and 4. The theoretical fundamentals and installations of the penetration logging techniques where gamma, gamma-gamma and neutron logging in combination with static penetration form common complexes for engineering geology and hydrogeology exploration without boring holes are described. The developed constructions and practical use penetration logging installations for applications on land and marine shelves are described in Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8. The physical fundamentals for the use of the natural stable and radioactive isotopes for study of the global hydrological cycle are provided. The experimental data, origin and distribution of cosmogenic and radiogenic isotopes in the oceans, atmospheric moisture, surface and underground waters are presented in Chapters 9, 10, and 11. The sources and conditions of the radioactive contamination of the natural waters are discussed in Chapters 12 and 13. This book will be of interest to scientists and researchers who use nuclear geophysics methods in engineering geology, hydrology, hydrogeology and hydrogeoecology. Lecturers, students, and postgraduates in these subjects will also find it useful.

This report aims at providing background information and a comprehensive account of the nature of nuclear geophysics, its fundamentals, its objectives, its tools for investigation and its wide range of applications benefiting society and industry. It reviews the achievements and performance of nuclear geophysical measurements, particularly in applications to mining, industry and agriculture. It also analyses many of these important applications for their economic impact and updates the available information on nuclear geophysics by giving an account of the most relevant achievements and concepts introduced during recent years.

TO APPLIED GEOPHYSICS STANIS LAY MARE~, et al. Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B. V. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Mares, Stanislav Introduction to applied geophysics Translation of Uvod do uzite geofyziky Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Geophysics. 2. Prospecting-Geophysical methods. I. Title QC802. A1M3713 1984 551 84-4753 ISBN 978-90-481-8374-6 ISBN 978-94-015-7684-0 (eBook) DOI 10. 1007/978-94-015-7684-0 AII Rights Reserved © 1984 by Stanislav Mard et al. Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1984 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1984 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner CONTENTS XI INTRODUCTION LIST OF PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS AND UNITS USED XIII CHAPTER I. GRAVIMETRIC METHODS (S. Hrach) I. I. Physical principles of gravimetric methods- Volume gravitational potential I 1. 2. Gravity field of the Earth 3 1. 3. Anomalies of gravitational acceleration-Gravity anomalies 9 1. 3. 1. Faye anomaly-Free-air anomaly 9 1. 3. 2. Bouguer anomalies 10 1. 3. 3. Isostatic anomaly 14 1. 3. 4. Geological significance of anomalies 17 1. 4. Rock densities 19 1. 4. 1. Natural rock densities 20 1. 4. 2. Rock density determination 22 1. 4. 3. Determination of density characteristics 25 25 1. 5. Gravity observations 26 1. 5. 1. Instruments for absolute gravity observations 1. 5. 2.